Microorganisms are considered a genetic resource with great potential for achieving sustainable development of agricultural areas. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of microorganism application forms on the production of biomass, gas exchange, and nutrient content in upland rice. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design in a factorial 7 × 3 + 1, with four replications. The treatments consisted of combining seven microorganisms with three application forms (microbiolized seed; microbiolized seed + soil drenched with a microorganism suspension at 7 and 15 days after sowing (DAS); and microbiolized seed + plant sprayed with a microorganism suspension at 7 and 15 DAS) and a control (water). Treatments with Serratia sp. (BRM32114), Bacillus sp. (BRM32110 and BRM32109), and Trichoderma asperellum pool provided, on average, the highest photosynthetic rate values and dry matter biomass of rice shoots. Plants treated with Burkolderia sp. (BRM32113), Serratia sp. (BRM32114), and Pseudomonas sp. (BRM32111 and BRM32112) led to the greatest nutrient uptake by rice shoots. Serratia sp. (BRM 32114) was the most effective for promoting an increase in the photosynthetic rate, and for the greatest accumulation of nutrients and dry matter at 84 DAS, in rice shoots, which differed from the control treatment. The use of microorganisms can bring numerous benefits of rice, such as improving physiological characteristics, nutrient uptake, biomass production, and grain yield.

RESUMOA herança da resistência do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) à mancha-bacteriana (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, raça T2) foi estudada, em condições de campo, cruzando-se os genótipos resistentes 'Ohio 8245' e 'Hawaii 7998' com os genótipos suscetíveis 'CNPH 401-08' e 'CNPH 416.81.01.02', em um esquema dialélico desconsiderandose os recíprocos. Foram obtidas cinco famílias, cada uma constituída por seis gerações: Genitor 1 , Genitor 2 , F 1 , F 2 e os retrocruzamentos (RC 1 e RC 2 ). A família 'Ohio 8245 × Hawaii 7998' apresentou menor média para severidade da doença, seguida por 'Hawaii 7998 × CNPH 416.81.01.02' e 'Ohio 8245 × CNPH 416.81.01.02', as quais, apresentaram maiores estimativas de herdabilidade e de predição de ganho por seleção. Em todas combinações, a herança da resistência genética à mancha-bacteriana foi do tipo quantitativa, com estimativa do número de genes variando de quatro a oito genes, conforme a família analisada. Foi observada segregação transgressiva nas famílias 'Ohio 8245 × CNPH 401-08', 'Hawaii 7998 × CNPH 401-08' e 'Hawaii 7998 × CNPH 416.81.01.02'. Os efeitos gênicos foram do tipo aditivo para todas as famílias e os dados ajustados ao modelo aditivo-dominante, com o componente aditivo apresentando maior magnitude.Palavras-chave adicionais: resistência horizontal, herdabilidade, Lycopersicon esculentum, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. ABSTRACT Inheritance of resistance to bacterial spot in tomatoThe inheritance of resistance to bacterial spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, race T2) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was investigated in a field trial. The genotypes 'Ohio 8245' and 'Hawaii 7998' (resistant), were crossed in a diallel scheme without reciprocals. Each cross was labeled as one family, represented by six different generations: Parent 1 , Parent 2 , F 1 , F 2 and Backcrosses to parents (BC 1 and BC 2 ). The family 'Ohio 8245 × Hawaii 7998' presented the lowest disease severity, followed by the family 'Hawaii 7998 × CNPH 416.81.01.02' and by the family 'Ohio 8245 × CNPH 416.81.01.02'. These last two families showed both higher broad and narrow sense inheritability estimates and the highest prediction of selection gain. The resistance was found to be quantitative, with four to eight genes involved, depending on the family. INTRODUÇÃOA mancha-bacteriana do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), causada por Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye (Xcv), é de ocorrência mundial e considerada uma das mais sérias doenças dessa cultura. Toda a parte aérea da planta é suscetível à doença, sendo a infecção foliar e a subsequente desfolha o problema mais sério, pois reduz a produção e a qualidade dos frutos.O controle da doença depende da combinação de práticas culturais, incluindo uso de sementes e plântulas livres do patógeno, limpeza da área, rotação de cultura, tratamento químico e uso de cultivares resistentes. A resistência genética é sem dúvida a melhor opção de controle. Entretanto, poucos genótipos com resistência a esta d...

Effects of chemical treatment of rice seeds on leaf blast control and physiological and sanitary quality of treated seedsKeywords:

Microorganisms can promote plant growth by increasing phytomass production, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis rates, and grain yield, which can result in higher profits for farmers. However, there is limited information available about the physiological characteristics of lowland rice after treatment with beneficial microorganisms in the tropical region. This study aimed to determine the effects of different beneficial microorganisms and various application forms on phytomass production, gas exchange, and nutrient contents in the lowland rice cultivar 'BRS Catiana' in a tropical region. The experiment was performed under greenhouse conditions utilizing a completely randomized design and a 7 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme with four replications. The treatments consisted of seven microorganisms, including the rhizobacterial isolates BRM 32113, BRM 32111, BRM 32114, BRM 32112, BRM 32109, and BRM 32110 and Trichoderma asperellum pooled isolates UFRA-06, UFRA-09, UFRA-12, and UFRA-52, which were applied using three different methods (microbiolized seed, microbiolized seed + soil drenched with a microorganism suspension at 7 and 15 days after sowing (DAS), and microbiolized seed + plant spraying with a microorganism suspension at 7 and 15 DAS) with a control (water). The use of microorganisms can provide numerous benefits for rice in terms of crop growth and development. The microorganism types and methods of application positively and differentially affected the physiological characteristics evaluated in the experimental lowland rice plants. Notably, the plants treated with the bioagent BRM 32109 on the seeds and on seeds + soil produced plants with the highest dry matter biomass, gas exchange rate, and N, P, Fe, and Mg uptake. Therefore, our findings indicate strong potential for the use of microorganisms in lowland rice cultivation systems in tropical regions. Currently, an additional field experiment is in its second year to validate the beneficial result reported here and the novel input sustainability.

Rice bran is a byproduct commonly used for animal feeding; however its nutritional value and potential application in human diet have attracted market interest. Its preservation for safe use is still a challenge, so the objective of this study was to determine the quality of commercially available rice bran samples subjected to different heat treatments (extruding, parboiling, toasting, and microwave oven heating) in order to promote stabilization during storage under room temperature. Rice bran samples were collected from two industries, and each treatment was divided in three parts, each corresponding to three repetitions. All samples were evaluated for moisture content, total microorganisms, mold and yeast counting, hydrolytic rancidity, and lipase activity during 90 days of storage. Most of the heat treatments, including domestic and thermoplastic extrusion, generated products which may be used for human consumption under the tested conditions in terms of physicochemical and microbiological quality. The domestic treatments were more efficient in eliminating microorganisms or keeping them within acceptable limits. The toasted rice bran showed satisfactory results in terms of moisture, hydrolytic rancidity control, and lipase activity.

Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) limits rice (Oryza sativa) grain yields worldwide. The objective of this investigation was to morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly characterize six bacterial isolates, BRM 32109, BRM 32110, BRM 32111, BRM 32112, BRM 32113, and BRM 32114, and to determine their potential as antagonists to M. oryzae. Morphological characterization was based on colony formation and color, Gram staining, and fluorescent pigment production. Biochemical studies were based on cellulase, chitinase, phosphatase, indoleacetic acid, and siderophore production, as well as biofilm formation. The molecular identification used specific primers for PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA region, followed by sequencing. The antagonism studies involved three experiments, which had randomized designs. Two of them were conducted in laboratory conditions, pairing bacterial colonies and M. oryzae, using bacterial filtrates, and the third was conducted in greenhouse conditions. BRM 32111 and BRM 32112 were identified as Pseudomonas sp., BRM 32113 as Burkholderia sp., BRM 32114 as Serratia sp., and BRM 32110 and BRM 32109 as Bacillus spp. BRM 32112, BRM 32111, and BRM 32113 inhibited the colony of M. oryzae by 68%, 65%, and 48%, respectively. The bacterial suspensions of the BRM 32111, BRM 32112, and BRM 3212 filtrates suppressed leaf blast by 81.0, 79.2, and 66.3%, respectively. BRM 32111 and BRM 32112 were determined to be antagonists of M. oryzae and were found to solubilize phosphate, produce siderophores and cellulose, form biofilms, and suppress leaf blast. These isolates should be further investigated as potential biological control agents for leaf blast control.

The integrated management of rice leaf blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is carried out mainly with the adoption of chemical control. However, the search for alternative practices has grown in recent years. Thus, the variability of 28 Sarocladium oryzae isolates was evaluated for the cerulenin production, as well as its potential for reducing the severity of rice leaf blast, quantifying the activity of enzymes linked to the plant defense mechanisms. More than 55 % of the S. oryzae isolates were antagonistic to the pathogens M. oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Thanatephorus cucumeris and Monographella albescens, and 60 % of the isolates produced cerulenin at detectable levels. Both BRM 6461 (296.0 µg mL-1) and BRM 6493 (undetectable cerulenin) inhibited the formation of M. oryzae appressoria in 89.5 % and 85 %, respectively. The BRM 6461 isolate, applied as conidial suspension and filtered, reduced the severity of rice leaf blast in 68.8 % and 75.5 %, respectively. The enzymatic activity in the presence of M. oryzae was higher for lipoxygenase at 5 h (filtered) and at 24 h and 72 h (conidial suspension) after the pathogen inoculation. For phenylalanine ammonia lyase, the highest expression was at 5 h (filtered) and 72 h (conidial suspension). The enzymes chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase and the salicylic acid phytohormone presented no differences, in relation to the controls (water and M. oryzae). The filtered from the BRM 6461 isolate, basically constituted by cerulenin, reduced the severity of rice leaf blast and possibly activated the defense mechanisms of the rice plants against M. oryzae.

BRS Catiana is an irrigated rice cultivar with a medium cycle and excellent grain quality, suited for cultivation in 17 Brazilian states. It has a high yield potential (15,535 kg ha-1) and a mean yield of 7,253 kg ha-1 , wide adaptation and late senescence (stay green trait).