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Cornelian cherries (Cornus mas L.) were dried by convective, vacuum, and freeze drying. The main goal was to investigate changing of physico-chemical properties of cornelian cherries during different drying techniques. Moisture content, water activity, total color change, shear force, rehydration power, total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin compounds, ascorbic and organic acids, and antioxidant activity were used as the most suitable quality indicators. The lowest moisture content, water activity, total color change and the lowest content of investigated organic acids, the highest rehydration power, and also the lowest loss of ascorbic acid were obtained in vacuum dried samples. In freeze-dried samples, the lowest shear force and the highest antioxidant activity were observed. The lowest loss of phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin compounds were also obtained in freeze-dried samples. Eight empirical models were used for the description of vacuum drying process, and model Midilli et al. was selected as the most suitable. Practical applicationsCornelian cherries present very popular sort of fruit with irresistible taste and specific texture.They also possess significantly high content of bioactive compounds. Drying parameters, mostly temperature, influence negatively on preservation of sensory and nutritive properties of cornelian cherries during drying. Thus, investigation of different impacts of each drying technique on physico-chemical parameters of cornelian cherries and also kinetics of cornelian cherries vacuum drying are useful both in scientific field and in industrial conditions. Based on this research, it could be seen, which drying parameters influenced the best on preservation of the most important physico-chemical properties of fresh cornelian cherries. Also, the most suitable empirical model used for the description of vacuum drying of cornelian cherries was observed.

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Cornelian cherries has been grown Balkan peninsula no apparent disease and pest problems for centuries. The most important pomological and technological properties of cornelian cherry genetic resources (eleven local and introduced varieties and selections) in Gornje Polimlje, Montenegro were studied in four–year periods. Fruit weight, stone weight, and mesocarp/stone ratio shows great variation and varied between 1.89 to 6.16 g, 0.32 to 0.64 g and between 76.66 and 90.59%, respectively. Genotypes significantly differed each other in terms of yield determined as per trunk cross section area (TCSA). For better visualization of the agronomical traits important to the yield, i.e., yield per TCSA and fruit weight data is presented in combination as measured in the years of study. The best promising genotypes are Vladimirskiy, Chisinau yellow, and Krupnoplodni NS, which had consistently higher yield and large fruits for sustainable fruit production. Dry matter, total sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose, total acidity, Ca–pectate, vitamin C, total anthocyanins, total polyphenols, and ash content of cornelian cherry cultivars and selections were found between 19.81–24.46%, 10.94–14.47%, 10.44–13.09%, 0.24–1.23%, 1.92–2.51%, 2.76–4.43%, 41.09–101.27 mg/100 g, 0–157.06 mg/100 g, 183.91–307.9 mg/100 g, and 0.89–1.16%, respectively. The amount of potassium, which predominates in percentage of minerals in the ash, ranged from 2888 to 3574 mg/kg. The extensiveness of the study leads, therefore, to several clear conclusions and recommendations. Consistently, the best balance of biochemical elements in combination with good yield and fruit size measurements is found in selection Krupnoplodi NS. If consider fruit size and yield efficiency are priority, Vladimirskiy, Chisinau yellow, Kosten 3, and Krupnoplodni NS have clear advantage over the other genotypes. The study highlights the importance of local cornelian cherry selections for sustainable cornelian cherry production in Montenegro.

In this paper are presented three years data (2009-2011) of biological traits of 30 cornelian cherry genotypes selected from the natural population of the region Upper Polimlje in Montenegro. Time of maturity, cropping, fruit and stone weight, size, fruit shape index and peel colour, content of flesh in total fruit mass and the soluble solids continent are presented. The aim of this paper is selection and preservation of cornelian cherry genotypes from natural population of Upper Polimlje that deserve attention due to their biological traits and recommendation of these genotypes for future propagation in present agricultural conditions or as a starting material in breeding of this fruit species. Genotypes BA 70, BP 04, BP 17 and BP 44 with high cropping coefficient from 0.34 to 0.50 are worthy of attention as a big biological potential. For table consumption genotypes BA 70 and BP 21 are interesting, with fruit weight above 4 g, and genotypes PL 98, BP 44, PL 99, BP 36 and BP 22 with content of flesh in total fruit mass above 89% for processing. High content of soluble solids in the fruit, above 19%, are characteristic for genotypes BP 01, BP 06, BA 13, BP 38 and BP 40.

Centuries-old generative reproduction, relatively favourable agro-ecological conditions, natural selection, and anthropogenic roles have significantly influenced the formation of a rich, heterogeneous population of common walnuts in Montenegro. This variability can be exploited by applying a positive selection of genotypes that would have good ecological adaptability and high economic value and that would not lag behind walnut varieties originating from other countries. The paper presents the results of studying 20 selected walnut genotypes from the continental part of Montenegro in a three-year period. Šeinovo variety and the Rasna selection were used as standard. The most important biological and pomological properties were investigated based on the international walnut descriptor. The basic criteria on which the selection approach was based were: late vegetation initiation, earlier date of end of vegetation, well kernel ratio, ease of kernel removal from the shell, shell texture that should be less rough, protecting the kernel, tasty kernel, light coloured kernel, and good chemical composition of the kernel. Genotypes had fruit weight between 8.43 and 13.84 g, kernel weight between 4.20 and 6.54 g, kernel ratio between 39.20 and 52.25%, oil content between 62.04 and 67.23%, and protein content between 13.91 and 19.04%. Most of the selected genotypes have the late time of leaf bud burst, and from that point of view, the BP44 and BP42 genotypes that the leafing on May 5 and 6 are especially interesting, due to avoidance of late frost. The walnut is adapted to the existing agro-ecological conditions over a long period of successful growth in this region, and most genotypes finish their vegetation earlier and are prepared to enter the period of winter dormancy. Genotypes BP09 and AN29 with their properties surpass the worldwide recognized Šeinovo, and in this region, highly valued selection Rasna. BP48 and BP50 genotypes also deserve attention due to the quality of the fruit.

SažetakCilj ovog rada je da se utvrđivanjem vremena cvjetanja i zrenja sorti i selekcija drijena (Cornus mas L.) u uslovima Gornjeg Polimlja izvrši njihov pravilan izbor za komercijalno gajenje u ovom području. U dvogodišnjem periodu je izvršeno ispitivanje fenoloških osobina šest introdukovanih sorti i selekcija drijena (apatinski rani, bačka, krupnoplodni NS, era, lukjanovski i kišinjevski žuti) i četiri lokalne selekcije (kosten 1, kosten 2, kosten 3 i boro) u uslovima Gornjeg Polimlja. Fenofaza cvjetanja je praćena od početka, preko punog cvjetanja pa do precvjetavanja. Osim momenta pune zrelosti, evidentirani su i datumi početka i kraja zrenja. Proučavane sorte i selekcije imaju početak i puno cvjetanje u martu, a precvjetavaju do kraja prve sedmice aprila. Najraniji početak cvjetanja utvrđen je kod sorte apatinski rani (07. mart), a najkasniji kod selekcije kosten 3 (20. mart). Prosječno trajanje fenofaze cvjetanja je iznosilo od 18 (kosten 1 i kosten 3) do 25 dana (apatinski rani).Različito vrijeme zrenja ploda uslovljava da prvi plodovi sorte apatinski rani dozrijevaju 23. avgusta, a poslednji selekcije kosten 2 04. oktobra, tako da je svježa konzumacija ispitivanih sorti i selekcija uslovima Gornjeg Polimlja moguća u periodu od mjesec i po dana. Fenofaza sazrijevanja ploda je prosječno trajala 22 dana, sa varijacijama od 18 (apatinski rani i kišinjevski žuti) do 28 dana (kosten 3). Selekcije kosten 2 i kosten 3, kao i sorte era i lukjanovski se prema vremenu zrenja mogu svrstati u kasne.