Substances inhibiting or preventing oxidative damage in the target molecule are called antioxidants. It has been shown that antioxidants are substances that contribute to the prevention of a number of serious human diseases, and antioxidant activity is one of the important parameters for the quality of food products and ingredients. Phenolic compounds are of greatest importance for this review. It is now established that whole grain cereals contain a large number of bound polyphenols. It is known that cereals have high nutritional value, contain unsaturated fatty acids, basic mineral elements, proteins and β-glucans, and are also characterized by the presence of various chemical substances with antioxidant properties. In recent years, work has begun in some Western countries to study the content of antioxidants in various grains. In Russia, only a small amount of work has been devoted to the study of these important chemical compounds in grain crops. It should be noted that, although these species are considered to be one of the main components of human nutrition, research in the field of determining their antioxidant activity has not been sufficiently carried out. In order to attract the attention of plant growers, plant breeders, plant physiologists, geneticists and biotechnologists, we offer a review of current literature.
The paper offers a review of the published data on the structure of β-glucan molecules in the oat kernel, their influence on the lipoprotein content and glycemic index, on the digestive system operation and cancer cells, as well as on other human health indicators. It is noted that watersoluble food fibers have both dietary, prophylactic and healing effects on the human organism (official reports of the US Food and Drug Administration and European Food Safety Association, EF-SA). It is discussed that physicochemical properties, chemical modifications and possibilities of industrial application of-glucans define clear perspectives for their potential use in foods, medicinal and cosmetic products. Besides, the results of analyzing the diversity of oat cultivars and species for the β-glucans content in the kernel are discussed. It is stated that the forms of naked oat have a higher total content of this polysaccharide than the hulled oats, while the latter contain more insoluble β-glucans in the oat kernel. It should be noted that the content of fibers depends on the meteorological conditions and agricultural methods of oat cultivation. The content of β-glucans in the kernel is related to the accumulation of protein and fat in the kernel, to the grain volume weight and to grain productivity. The problems of creating new productive oat cultivars with the maximum content and optimal structure of the said polysaccharide combined with other qualitative characters of the kernel, as well as possibilities of producing functional foods from the processed grain of such cultivars are considered. It is concluded that β-glucans will have an increasing importance in the global food and pharmaceutical industries.
With the aim of studying the influence of genotype and climatic conditions on the content of β-glucans, fat and protein in grain, oat samples were grown in the Krasnoyarsk territory region and the Republic of Khakassia for three years. The object was 1 naked and 2 husked samples of oats of Krasnoyarsk selection. The content of β-glucans and fat was measured on an automatic grain analyzer Infratec Analyzer 1241 using 50 ml cuvette. In parallel, standard methods were used to measure other chemical and physical characteristics of oat grain: protein content in the grain, its filminess, weight of 1000 grains. It was found that the husked samples formed a grain with a content of β-glucan in it about 3% and naked over 4%, while a noticeable advantage of the naked sample compared with the husked in the content of protein and fat in the grain was found. Cultivation of different oat samples in two geographical areas of Eastern Siberia for three years showed insignificant positive impact of climatic conditions of Khakassia on the content of β-glucans in grain, its size and filthiness and negative impact on fat and protein content. Comparison of the content of β-glucans and fat in oat grain of three varieties from two geographical points revealed a significant effect of the genotype (63.6 and 66.6%, respectively) and a slight influence of the point of cultivation, as well as the interaction of the genotype×point. The existence of strong negative links between the weight of 1000 grains and the content of β-glucans, fat or protein in the grain, as well as strong positive reliable links between the content of β-glucans and fat in the grain.
С целью выявления образцов с минимальным и максимальным содержанием β-глюканов в зерне проведен скрининг сортов овса, выращенного в условиях Восточной Сибири в течение трех лет. Для определения перспективности дальнейшего использования образцов овса параллельно измеряли другие химические, физические и продукционные характеристики: содержание белка и масла в зерне, пленчатость зерна, натуру, массу 1000 зерен, продолжительность вегетационного периода и величину урожайности. Объектом комплексной оценки служили 14 пленчатых и 5 голозерных образцов овса коллекции Всероссийского института генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова (ВИР) различного географического происхождения. Пленчатые образцы формировали зерно с содержанием β-глюканов от 2.9 до 5.2 %, голозерные-от 3.7 до 4.8 %. По минимальным значениям этого показателя выделились сорта красноярской селекции-Тубинский, Казыр, Саян (около 3 %), по максимальному-зарубежный образец Местный Тунис 1 (5.2 %). Наибольшее содержание масла в зерне имеют возделываемые в настоящее время в Красноярском крае сорта Тубинский, Казыр и Саян. Повышенное накопление белка в зерне обнаружено у пленчатого сорта Местный Тунис 1 и голозерного образца Вятский. По содержанию β-глюканов в зерне с учетом других его характеристик и величины урожайности лучшие образцы для крупяного направления (максимальный уровень этих веществ)-Местный Тунис 1, Медведь и Тайдон, а для кормового использования (минимальный уровень)-Тубинский, Вятский и Голец. Не обнаружено заметного преимущества голозерных образцов по сравнению с пленчатыми по содержанию β-глюканов в зерне. У пленчатых образцов отмечена высокая сила положительной связи между содержанием масла либо β-глюканов в зерне и годом выращивания овса. У голозерных форм четкой связи между содержанием рассматриваемых химических веществ в зерне разных образцов овса и годом их выращивания не установлено. Ключевые слова: овес посевной; оценка; зерно; вегетационный период; масса 1000 зерен; урожайность; натура; пленчатость; масло; белок; β-глюканы.
Генетика и селекция растений Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции • 2018 • 22 • 3 Селекция на повышенное содержание антиоксидантов в зерне
In the current study, the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized under the action of “green” reagent glucose, on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat were investigated. Nanoparticles had a spherical shape and an average size of about 10 nm. Wheat seeds and seedlings were cultivated in Petri dishes for 3-7 days. After this, the number of germinated seeds, shoot and root fresh mass, and root length were measured. The results showed that the concentration range of 0.001-0.5 mg/L had no effect on seed germination, while the enhanced concentration induced an inhibitory effect. It was found that AgNPs had led to an increase in shoot and root fresh mass in the range of 0.06-1 mg/L and in the range of 0.03-0.1 mg/L, respectively. Beyond the concentrations up to 3 and 5 mg/L shoot and root fresh mass were inhibited respectively. Application of tested nanoparticles in the range of 0.005-0.5 mg/L caused an increase in root length of wheat. AgNPs at the concentration over 5 mg/L caused root length inhibition. The results show that AgNPs in the range of 0.06-0.5 mg/L may hold significant applications in agriculture and could provide as an alternative source of ecofriendly fertilizer for wheat.
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