Background: Anemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiency diseases observed globally affecting both developed and developing countries with major consequences for human health as well as social and economic development. Prevention and management of maternal anemia is crucial to prevent morbidity and mortality of the fetus.Methods: The patient history was taken in detail, including age weight and height. BMI was calculated for all the 296 patients who were booked for delivery in our hospital. On enrolment, blood was drawn from the patient for regular check including blood grouping, biochemical parameters including iron estimation, total iron binding capacity, complete blood picture including hemoglobin. Any cause for bleeding was evaluated.Results: 143 patients (48.3%) had a haemoglobin count of less than 10gm%. Most of the anemic patients had moderate anemia followed by women with mild anemia. The most common age group affected was 20-30 years, which was the predominant age group of pregnant patients who had come to our hospital. Most of the women had multi gravida, with 3 being the most common followed by 1 earlier pregnancy. In most of the cases, the interval between 2 consecutive pregnancies was 1 year or less.Conclusions: Anemia is directly proportional to parity, less spacing between pregnancies and related to lower educational status.

Background: Over the years, there has been a considerable rise in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. This study was undertaken to identify the risk factors that contribute to this condition, so that immediate action can be taken so as to save the mother.Methods: 62 women, in their first trimester of pregnancy who were diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy were included in the study. Demographic details, clinical and obstetric details were taken from all the patients. Ultrasound was performed to confirm the ectopic pregnancy.Results: Out of the 62 patients, most of them with ectopic pregnancy were found to be in the 26-30 (40.3%) year’s age group. Smoking, whether active or passive was observed in nearly 42% of the cases. The mean gravid status among the women was 3, with 34 live births. 21 of them had induced abortions and 4 were spontaneous. PID was observed in 12 patients (19.4%), 17.7% were IUD users.Conclusions: Risk factors such as previous ectopic pregnancy, use of contraceptives, infertility, PID, abortion as well as increased maternal age aid in the early detection of ectopic pregnancy in women resulting in proper and timely treatment.

Background: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a premalignant cervical disease which may lead to cervical cancer. The screening of the cervical cancer includes the screening of cervical cytology as well as testing for oncogenic human papilloma viruses (HPV) since most of the precursor lesions appear in the women of child bearing age. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in antenatal women by screening with papanicolaou smear.Methods: Macroscopic abnormalities such as cervicitis, polyps, erosions, nabothian cysts, hypertrophied cervix, growths and ulcers were noted. A cervical smear using Ayre’s spatula was taken from the ecto cervix and spread on to a labeled slide and immediately fixed.Results: Majority of the women were in the age group of 20-30 years in the study group. The overall mean age of the women in the study was around 25 years. The mean age at the time of menarche was around 14 years and at the time of marriage was approximately 22 years. On Pap smear, 55.2% of the 1000 cases were normal, with inflammation seen in 408 (40.8%) of the cases. 20 (2%) of the patients in our study had low grade squamous intra epithelial lesion, while 7 patients (0.2%) had high grade squamous intra epithelial lesion with two cases showing CIN II grading and 5 with CIN I.Conclusions: An early detection of the same can lead to a proper and efficient treatment.

Background: Due to urbanization and sedentary lifestyle, dietary changes, and increased obesity of the people, the incidence of GDM is steadily on the rise. It is associated with severe morbidity to the mother and the child. It is therefore imperative that an early diagnosis needs to be done so that appropriate treatment can be given. Methods: 1654 women who were included in the study were in their 24 -28 weeks of gestation. A standardized questionnaire was formatted and details regarding the age, weight, body mass index (BMI), parity, previous medical and obstetrics history and familial history of diabetes, tests for glucose levels, complete blood picture, routine urine examination. Oral glucose tolerance test was done for all the patients after fasting overnight. Results: 87 (5.3%) of them were positive for OGTT and were considered to have Gestational Diabetes mellitus. 67.8% of the patients were in the 25-30 age group. 41.4% were pregnant for the first time and 58.6% were multi gravid. The majority of the patients had a BMI between 26-30. Most of the babies had a birth weight of above 3kgs. Out of them, 39 (44.8%) had a birth weight between 3.1-3.5kgs. <2kgs were seen in 7 (8.0%) patients. Conclusions: GDM complicates pregnancy and results in higher frequency of adverse effects in the mother and new born. Thereby, early detection can result in prompt treatment and lowering the morbidity of the fetal outcomes.

would be reduced. Thus, the biophysical and the modified biophysical profile have been introduced. In the year 1980, Manning et al, first described the use of fetal monitoring by including 5 variables such as of breathing, fetal movement, fetal tone, amniotic fluid volume and non-stress test1. The last one involves two phase testing by ultrasound and external Doppler monitor. However, this was not only expensive but also time consuming, and causing inconvenience to the patients. This was overcome by the modified BPP, which observe the non stress test to be a short term marker and amniotic fluid index to be a ABSTRACT Background: Baby's well-being in utero is often done by using a cardiotocograph (CTG) machine, which assesses the baby's heart beat pattern as well as the mother's uterine contractions. However, lowered fetal movements sometimes may be fatal for the baby. Thus, the biophysical and the modified biophysical profile have been introduced. Methods: 242 patients with over 34 weeks of gestation and with one or more risk factors were included in the study. After taking the demographic details, the patients were subjected to detailed physical and clinical evaluation. Modified BPP was done on all the patients. Index of acute fetal hypoxia the NST was done along with the cardiotocograph (CTG). Amniotic fluid volume was calculated. Results: According to the fetal non-stress test, majority of the patients (70.7%) were reactive while 29.3% were nonreactive. Most of the patients had an amniotic fluid index in the normal range i.e. between 8 -<25, 18.6%) had an AFI value of <6 cm while 13.6% had between 6 -<8. Among the babies with reactive NST, non-reactive NST and AFI ≤5, the most common outcome was low birth weight. APGAR score <7 was observed in 11.1%, 13.1%, 20% among Reactive NST, Non-reactive NST and AFI ≤5 respectively. Conclusions: Present study shows that BPP and MBPP are both comparable to each other, therefore, MBPP, being an easier test can be substituted for BPP.