A adubação nitrogenada é uma importante prática de manejo em gramíneas e bastante complexa, em função dos diversos fatores que a influenciam, como condições climáticas, sistemas de cultivo, doses e fontes disponíveis. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de fontes e doses de nitrogênio (N) em cobertura sobre as características produtivas do trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivado em sistema de semeadura direta, em sucessão à cultura da soja. O experimento foi realizado utilizando-se Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em Londrina (PR). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x4, com quatro repetições. Como fontes de N na adubação de cobertura, foram avaliados a ureia, ureia + inibidor de urease (NBPT) e ureia revestida com polímeros, em 2008, e ureia, ureia + inibidor de urease (NBPT) e sulfato de amônio, em 2009, em quatro doses (0,0 kg ha-1, 40,0 kg ha-1, 80,0 kg ha-1 e 120,0 kg ha-1 de N) aplicadas 20 dias após a emergência das plantas. Foram avaliados a altura de plantas, percentagem de acamamento, massa de 1.000 grãos, rendimento de grãos e massa do hectolitro, e os resultados mostraram que o incremento nas doses de N em cobertura favoreceu o acamamento de plantas, proporcionando redução na massa de 1.000 grãos, na produtividade e na massa do hectolitro. As fontes de N não afetaram o desempenho produtivo da cultivar BRS Pardela, cultivada após a soja.

ABSTRACT. Biology and thermal requirements to Trichogramma spp. selection for Ecdytolopha aurantiana control. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 and T. pretiosum Riley, 1879 as agents of control of Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), an important Citrus pest in São Paulo State (South-East Brazil). In order to provide subsidies to programs of biological control with these parasitoids, studies of biology in different temperatures, thermal requirements and parasitism capacity were carried out. The temperatures (18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, and 32ºC) did not affect the sex ratio, however, female longevity of both species was higher at 22 and 25ºC. The temperature of 25°C tended to be more suitable to both emergency rate and female longevity. The egg-adult period for both Trichogramma species was inversely proportional to temperature. The thermal requirements of the two species were very close, about 108 DD (degree days). Neither the natural rearing host, E. aurantiana, nor the alternative host Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), affected the number of parasitized eggs per Trichogramma female. The parasitism rate and the number of emerged adults per egg on E. aurantiana eggs were higher than on A. kuehniella eggs. However, the emergency rate was higher when the parasitoids were reared on A. kuehniella eggs. Both Trichogramma species could be tested in the field for citrus fruit borer control. The thermal requirements and the parasitism capacity also could be good parameters for selection of Trichogramma species/strains.

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Plant, environmental conditions and management type will determine final crop yield. Enhanced yield can be reached by using well-adapted and potentially productive genotypes; all of them ally to crop cultural practices and management. Among these, seed density stands out, once it interferes with plant morphology and competition for water and nutrients. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of varied seed densities on agronomic traits in soybean, besides identifying cultivars with wide adaptability to different environments and seed densities. Six soybean cultivars were assessed under four seed densities (100, 200, 300 and 400 thousand plants•ha −1 ), in nine different environments from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replications. The BRSMG 760SRR and BRSMG 820RR cultivars had the best average performance independent of the environments and seed densities. The seed density of 300 thousand plants per hectare showed to be as the most adequate for soybean cultivation on the evaluated environments. Furthermore, seed density interacted with the agronomic traits in soybean.

-This study aimed to quantify the progress obtained by breeding programs of irrigated wheat in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 1976 to 2005. The efficiency of the programs was evaluated based on yield data obtained in Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) trials. The genetic and environmental progress was estimated by the methodology of Vencovsky et al. The mean annual progress rate from 1976 to 2005 in mean yield was estimated to be 48 kg ha -1 yr -1 (1.84% per year). Environmental and technological improvements were important for the increased yield during the study period, accounting for 32.8% of the total gain. Over the years, 33% of the genotypes used in the improvement programs of irrigated wheat were replaced.