This study present laboratory experiments carried out for nickel oxide reduction in a reverberatory furnace at medium pressure and a temperature range of 400˚C-1050˚C. Analyses were carried out on nickel nanostructures and their partially reduced metallic nickel products using Zeiss Leo Supra 35 SEM. It became evident from the experimental processes that the reduction process of nickel oxide under those given pressure and temperature conditions can result in fractionation of a dense layer of nickel from the melt surface which is in association with continuous growth of gaseous pores in nickel oxide. Therefore thermodynamic processes and temperature conditions are regarded as the most important factors which play a fundamental role in the reduction process of nickel oxide (gas-metal, or/and oxide-metal). The results indicate a positive correlation between formation mechanism and the rate of reduction of metallic nickel phases upon inter. Our research took a step-by-step assessment of technological processes and a scientific observation on nickel reduction at chemical equilibrium state of an ideal gas was made, and an account was taken with regards to limitations of variables and melting parameters.
The article presents analytical results on the use and distribution of energy in reverberatory furnaces with medium pressure gas burners to melt nickel-containing raw materials, by means of a numerical simulation of the furnace’s combustion space. The combustion flow and radiation of a reverberatory furnace powered by natural gas have been calculated and validated. The chemical composition of natural gas makes it the cleanest of fossil fuels, for this reason its use increases worldwide. The higher hydrogen/carbon ratio in its composition, compared to other fossil fuels, causes combustion to emit less CO2 per unit of energy produced. The flue gas outlet duct and medium pressure burners are represented and located as in a typical design to determine the effect on the efficiency of the reverberatory furnace. The results show the temperature field, the mass fraction of oxygen and fuel within the furnace’s combustion space and the comparison between the theoretical and practical efficiency of a furnace.
The objective of this research is to evaluate the metallographic properties to obtain cast iron with nodular spherical graphite ISO 400-12 by “In mold” modification using the vibratory method. To carry out the experiments, a model was prepared to reproduce the specimens used, according to the ASTM A0536-84R04 standard for the certification of the quality of cast iron with spherical nodular graphite. The pouring temperature levels were adapted to the wall thickness of the specimens. Vibration frequency (65 Hz, 70 Hz, 75 Hz), pouring temperature (1450°C and 1425°C) and mass of nodulizing alloy FeSiMg (NODULAN II) (189.98 g; 170.99 g; 151.99 g), calculated by the traditional method, were set as independent variables. The applied vibratory method caused changes in the morphology of the metal, as high spheroidization was obtained for all levels of modified alloy mass and smaller nodules (from 40 μm to 60 μm in diameter) were achieved. The tensile strength and relative elongation of the specimens obtained by the vibratory method were similar to the international standards for this type of casting and higher than the castings with nodular spherical graphite obtained under static conditions. Finally, the standard specimens (static method) and the specimens obtained by the vibratory method were obtained, and the metallographic and mechanical properties tests established by the international standards were carried out.
In recent years, due to climate change environmental sustainability programs have been created that require the search for alternatives to reduce air emissions and reduce fuel consumption. The combustion industry is looking for an effective solution to increase the life cycle of its equipment and improve combustion efficiency without neglecting safety or savings. The efficiency of the medium pressure natural gas burners associated with chemical energy, which is converted into heat, that is, the hotter the gaseous products of combustion, the more efficient the burner. The work analyzes the combustion process and their chemical reactions; combustion products obtained in accordance with various conditions; combustion characteristics and factors that influence; and measurement methods needed to optimize combustion and their equipment. In the metallurgical production of nickel, optimization of the burners is very important due to the high temperature used in the reverberatory furnace. That is, the use of a large excess of air would be unfavorably energetic, and the use of a very low excess would result in small intimate mixtures of air and fuel, followed by the release of unreacted reagents and the formation of toxic gases arising at high temperatures. For this reason, the results of this work are an important source of information. The innovation is to automate the use of non-invasive sensors to control the combustion process. The sensors play a fundamental role in the industry, because the information they provide supports the enhanced use of data in the enterprise, increase productivity, efficiency and safety.
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