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Morphine is a powerful opioid pain medication and commonly used narcotic pain killer and is toxic during overdose or when abused. Compared to conventional analytical techniques, the electroanalytical method has significant advantages viz. low cost, simplicity, ease of operation and facile miniaturization. In the present paper different approaches based on various modifications adopted for effective electrochemical sensing of morphine are reviewed in a comprehensive way. Among different modified electrodes available for the detection of morphine, carbon based materials—CNTs and graphene—display effective quantification and are attractive in terms of cost compared to noble metals. In addition, the performance of reported sensors in terms of their including detection range (LDR), limit of detection (LOD) and technique used are presented. The present review compares various electroanalytical techniques adopted for the determination of morphine.

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A simple, effective and rapid method for the electrochemical detection of morphine is described based on glassy carbon modified electrode with poly(CTAB). In this work, poly(CTAB) thin film was generated through elecropolymerization of the surfactant CTAB. The formation of nanoporous thin film of poly(CTAB) was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive spectra (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The electrochemical behavior of morphine is explained in terms of the anodic oxidation of its tertiary amino group. The limit of detection was calculated as 0.2 μM with a good regression between concentration and peak current of morphine by using differential pulse voltammetry within the range of 50 nM to 20 μM. The poly(CTAB)/GCE based sensor shows excellent electrochemical performance for the detection of morphine and this sensing platform can be effective for the detection of similar molecules.