The authors’ objective was to study the main aspects of militia’s activities in 1933. This objective is specified in the following tasks: to highlight the work of militia regarding the introduction of passportization in Ukraine; to reveal certain aspects of its activity during the grain supplies in 1933. The authors of the article highlight for the first time the role of militia in carrying out grain supplies in 1933 in Ukraine. Materials on the implementation of passportization in the Republic have been supplemented through the prism of the tasks and activities of militia in this direction. It has been noted that the system of registration and control of population in the cities of Ukrainian SSR was radically changed at the end of 1932. The exact time for the introduction of passportization was chosen not by chance – collectivization in Ukraine ended and the Holodomor began. The result of these processes was a massive flight of peasants from villages who tried to survive and escape from the Holodomor. The main feature of the new passport system was the fact that passports were issued only to those residents of cities, workers’ settlements, state-owned enterprises and new buildings who reached the age of 16 years. An absolute majority of villagers did not have the opportunity to get this document and therefore became attached to their places of residence. Practical conduction of passportization of the population in Ukrainian SSR revealed an unfavorable demographic situation in the country and the presence of a large number of declassed persons who did not have a permanent job or committed crimes. The introduction of the passport system positively affected the organization of combating crime and ensuring state security, the registration of receptees was established. At the same time, passportization was accompanied by numerous repressions of judicial and extrajudicial nature. Militia being a part of the State Political Administration took an active part in the grain supplies campaign of 1932-1933, which led to the Holodomor. That activity had negative and repressive nature. Officers of militia also investigated the cases involving cannibalism.
One of the least researched issues in historical and legal science, such as crime in one of the main law enforcement agencies of police, which operated on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR, has been covered. Instead of counteracting, some police officers organized crimes and participated in them personally. The involvement of police officers in various criminal and official crimes has been revealed: treason during the Soviet-German war, robbery, bribery, extortion, assistance to criminals, official negligence. Materials collected by the employees of the Ministry of State Security regarding some negative aspects of the police officers activities during 1947 testify to significant abuses and violations of the law. It has been established that a certain part of the policemen were traitors during the war, worked with the occupation authorities and took part in repressions against members of the Resistance movement and ordinary people. This problem was acute at that time, because only 2 years had passed since the end of the war, and the state security authorities continued to work on identifying and detaining these persons, who were also among the police officers. The problem of bribery in the police is the second in number of facts. It was widespread, as in the previous periods, among the employees of passport offices, traffic police, district police officers, who collected “tribute” from traders in the markets, having established a certain system of extortion, prices and appointed “senior” to collect bribes. There were even more odious cases when a whole group of policemen engaged in robbery, taking products and things from local villagers, while trying to disguise themselves as Banderites (copying the work methods of the KGB agents). Drunkenness was also quite common among police officers, which led to abuse, merging with criminal elements, and connivance with lawbreakers. It has been emphasized that that was not the main aspect of the police activity that time. The majority of police officers faithfully fulfilled their duty to protect the law and combat crime. The stated facts are based on the materials of the Branch State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, which have not been published before. Most of the given materials concern Kyiv, obviously, the capital’s KGB agents worked better than their colleagues from the periphery. Also, the document quite often does not indicate what measures were applied to the specified violators of the law and what was their further fate.
Мета статті. На матеріалах українських губерній Російської імперії досліджено організаційні та юридичні аспекти боротьби з проституцією в другій половині ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. за участю поліції та лікарсько-поліцейських комітетів. Наукова новизна. У статті вперше комплексно схарактеризовано основні напрями боротьби з проституцією в українських губерніях Російської імперії в другій половині ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. Набули подальшого розвитку дослідження питання щодо здобутків і недоліків у роботі поліцейських органів, спрямованій на боротьбу з цим асоціальним явищем, діяльності лікарсько-поліцейських комітетів, ролі громадськості в протидії торгівлі тілом. Авторами виявлено основні етапи боротьби з проституцією у визначений хронологічний період, показано перехід від заборонної системи до правової регламентації заняття проституцією. Висвітлено тогочасний дискурс терміну «проституція», з’ясовано погляди поліцейських та юристів стосовно заходів зменшення проституції та вдосконалення її регламентації. Проаналізовано статистику розвитку проституції в імперії за регіонами, віком, причинами, зроблено висновки щодо динаміки цього явища, яке мало тенденцію до зростання.
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