Four bacterial isolates from Ranu Pani and Ranu Grati in east java had been revealed to be potentials to produce IAA (PIS isolate), phosphate solubilizer (GPS isolate), cellulose hydrolysis (PSS isolate) and, amylum hydrolysis (PAS), two dominant bacterial isolates from Rani Pani (PØD isolate) and Ranu Grati (GØD isolate) which were co-cultured with microalgae promoted microalgae growth, yet its taxonomical position has not been clearly known. The aim of this study was to identify those bacterial isolates using 16S rRNA barcode. This research conducted by gDNA isolation, the 16S rRNA sequence was amplified using 27F and 1492R primers. Reconstructed phylogenetic trees and genetic distance analysis showed that the isolate PIS and PSS identified as Bacillus cereus Group closely related to Bacillus paramycoides. PAS isolate identified as Bacillus subtilis Group closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, GPS isolate identified as novel species in genus Enterobacter, and two dominant isolates (PØD and GØD) identified as Enterobacter cloacae complex closely related to Enterobacter cloacae. The genomic approach and additional phenotypes-examination are required to clarify its taxonomical position.
Flavonoids belong to the largest group of a phenolic compound found in plants. The presence of these flavonoids is significant for the plants themselves such as protecting plants from UV-B, insect pests, biotic, and abiotic stresses. More than 10,000 varieties of flavonoids have been already identified. Several plants can synthesize flavonoids, one of which is ferns. Cosmopolitan ferns are found in tropical and subtropical regions like Baluran National Park. The ecosystem in Baluran National Park has components that can show different sensitivity level to the factors influencing the environment, either in terms of biotic and abiotic factors. Same species of plants in different environments can be different significantly in their secondary metabolite content. The primary purpose of this research was to determine the types of flavonoids ferns in Baluran National Park. This study was conducted in April-June 2018. The extraction of samples was conducted using 96% methanol solvent and the analysis using the thin layer chromatography. The results showed the fourth type of flavonoid rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, and quercertin contained in Pseudocyclosorrus ochthodes (Kunze) Holttum, Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm.) Ching. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.), except routine not found in Dryopteris hirtipes (Bl.) Kuntze Beddome. Pteris vittata L. does not contain all four types. Types of flavonoids from ferns in Baluran National Park are routine, hyperoxide, quercitrin and quercetin.
Synthetic dyes are more widely used in the batik industry; one of them is indigosol golden yellow dye. Decolorization of synthetic dye can be done by fungi. This study aimed to identify a selected fungal isolate from batik waste that was capable of decolorizing indigosol golden yellow dye based on the morphological and molecular characteristics, as well as analyze the physico-chemical characteristics of batik effluent. Based on the morphological characterization, isolate K ByT1 was similar to Trichoderma and was identified as Trichoderma yunnanense by ITS rDNA sequence (OP 420536). Isolate K ByT1 was able to optimally decolorize 96.3% indigosol golden yellow dye at a concentration of 250 ppm with an incubation time of 168 h. The growth of T. yunnanense at the incubation time of 48–100 h was in an exponential phase, in which percentage efficiency in decolorization was greatly increased. The existence of an indigosol golden yellow dye degradation process by T. yunnanense was indicated by a rough, thick mycelium and the presence of dye attached to the mycelium (SEM observation), as well as the loss of functional groups C≡C bonds, –C=N, chain N=N, aromatic nitro compound, P=O stretch, ortho aromatic, C-Cl stretch, C-S stretch, C-I stretch, and S-S stretch (FTIR analysis). T. yunnanense was able to decolorize 34.54% of batik waste with an incubation time of 240 h. The indicators of wastewater treatment efficiency – namely, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfide, total suspended solids (TSS), pH, oil, and fat with removal percentages of 32.68, 23.74, 12.69, 56.63, 37.14, 18.21, and 52.78%, respectively.
Amylolytic bacteria are a source of amylase, which is an essential enzyme to support microalgae growth in the bioreactor for microalgae culture. In a previous study, the highest bacterial isolate to hydrolyze amylum (namely PAS) was successfully isolated from Ranu Pani, Indonesia, and it was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. That bacterial isolate (B. amyloliquefaciens PAS) also has been proven to accelerate Chlorella vulgaris growth in the mini bioreactor. This study aims to detect, isolate, and characterize the PAS’s α‐amylase encoding gene. This study was conducted with DNA extraction, amplification of α‐amylase gene with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with the specific primers, DNA sequencing, phylogenetic tree construction, and protein modeling. The result showed that α‐amylase was successfully detected in PAS bacterial isolate. The α‐amylase DNA fragment was obtained 1,468 bp and that translated sequence has an identity of about 98.3% compared to the B. amylolyquefaciens α‐amylase 3BH4 in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The predicted 3D protein model of the PAS’s α‐amylase encoding gene has amino acid variations that predicted affect the protein’s structure in the small region. This research will be useful for further research to produce recombinant α‐amylase.
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