A study was conducted to evaluate the salinity tolerance of white jute (C. capsularis) cultivars. Five white jute cultivars were assessed for different salinity concentrations (0, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM NaCl) in a split plot design with three replications per concentration under greenhouse condition. A total of fifteen plants were sampled from each treatment ten days after treatment with NaCl to determine morphological and physiological parameters. I n c r e a s e d N a C l concentrations reduced all the morphological and physiological parameters such as plant height, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, relative leaf water content (RLWC), chlorophyll, protein, proline content, + K accumulation in shoot and leaves, but water saturation deficit (WSD) + and Na contents were increased in the shoot and leaves. The study revealed that among all cultivars assessed JRC-532 and JRC-321 showed relatively better performance against salt stress whereas cultivar JRC-517 was found more susceptible to salt stress.
In mediterranean countries, water is considered as the most basic assets for economic sustainability growth. For cultivation, water is not only essential but also essential in different sectors such as in industries and economic growth. It is considered as also an important component of the environment with significant impact on natural conservation and health. Around 70% of fresh water withdrawals goes to agriculture. The use of water within the sectors are very diverse and included mainly for irrigation pesticides and fertilizers application and sustain livestock. In India, agriculture is an important sector for sustenance and growth of Indian economy. Today, in the whole world, India is one of the largest producers of agricultural products. Several agricultural commodities like tea, coffee, oil seeds, fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, rice, wheat, spices etc. are considered as the major supplier from India. For crop and yards water, irrigation management involves the monitoring of water applications. It is especially important to monitor soil moisture in order to promote optimise crop yields without runoff percolated loss.
Biological diversity, the common term of biodiversity, in the simplest word means the variation and variety of life forms. The biodiversity being the amalgamation of dual word i.e. ‘Bios’ meaning “Life” and ‘Diversitas’ meaning “Variety” or “Difference”. Nitrogen fixation on one hand and Photosynthesis on the other hand is the foundation of all the living system in this planet. Nitrogen fixation can be defined as a chemical process involving the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into the nitrogenous compound, either biologically or physically. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) contributes about 90% of the process and rest 10% is carried out by the physical activities which include lightening, thunder, etc. Each and every year, approximately 17.2x10^7 tons of nitrogen are biologically fixed worldwide. The main contributors in BNF are the microorganisms which falls under two categories i.e. may be aerobic or anaerobic. Majority of the microbes do not have the potentiality to reduce nitrogen. The microorganisms having the potentiality of reducing nitrogen play a vital role in the nitrogen fixation along with nitrogen cycle in the nature. The microbes involved in BNF are usually the prokaryotes which make use of a biocatalyst or enzyme nitrogenise to bring about the catalysis of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to form ammonia (NH3). These prokaryotes consists of aquatic organisms like blue green algae, free living nitrogen fixers like Azotobacter, Clostridium, symbiotic nitrogen fixers like Rhizobium and associative symbiotic includes Azospirillium. The current review paper delineates with reference to the morphological study of nitrogen fixers.
Organic farming is an agricultural system which incorporates a high level of biological diversity and environmental uses that conserve naturally resources and have strong levels of animal welfare. It is also an integration of agricultural system to sustainable development, increased the fertility of the soil and biodiversity. During the unusual release, it inhibits chemical pesticides, antibiotics, chemical fertilizers, genetic material and the hormones enhancing growth. This farming program primarily aims to cultivate the field and grow crops in such a way that keeps the soil healthy through natural waste and other biological and beneficial organisms. It looks at the impact of the way and long time taking agricultural intervention on the agricultural ecosystem. It is designed for the production of food, while at the same time creating a natural balance in order to prevent the soil, the fertility and pest control. This review paper is based on organic fertilizer and the nutrient content of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Animal manure, compost and bio manure are used in making organic manure which forms the alternative service for mineral fertilizers. The nutrient supply from organic fertilizers such as manure, compost may not be necessary to the plant needs at any stage of growth but often needed in the crop growing period. With the availability of food, fruit, vegetables and plants are similar in organic and non- organic fertilizers in the long-term results of the testing. Similarly the availability of nutrients like phosphorus, potassium and many trace elements are lower than the soil solution, as they are more concentrated in complex soils as insoluble forms. Foliar fertilizer is therefore often used to provide the nutrients needed by plants for adequate filtration, to develop the nutritional levels of plants and to increase the yield and quality of crop.
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