Long- term adoption of total agricultural approach which negatively influences the soil prolificacy, soil microbiome and may compromise the feature and amount of crop mass production. In agriculture, soil is a critical part, in which the original sources of nutrients for grow crops and the microorganisms is very important to improve soil texture or soil health for healthy growing crops. Soil microbiota are an energetic component of soil and showed varieties useful activities in the soil system. Soil richness is the characteristic limit of a soil to give the fundamental plant supplements in sufficient sums and legitimate extents for plant development. There is an enormous chance to upgrade soil ripeness through microorganisms, as organisms are “inherent” soil controllers and impetuses adding to reusing of supplements into accessible inorganic structures and give early admonition of land corruption. The core interest of this part is on the possibility of utilizing organisms as decomposers of (cellulose, protein and lignin), formers (humus, nitrate and nitrite), nitrogen fixers, ammonifiers, oxidizers (iron, hydrogen and sulfur), phosphorus solubilizers and denitrifiers. In this specific circumstance, the components viz., natural toxins and environmental change that limit the improvement of soil richness. Today’s, there is great trial for the agricultural system in which growing the human population is a great problem in the land breakdown and decrease the microbial population that’s why enhance the soil fertility and plant growth rate decreases. Therefore, in this review we describe the benefits of soil microbiota to maintain soil fertility.
Potassium is an elementary macronutrient besides Nitrogen and Phosphorus for growth of plants. It performs crucial metabolic activities like photosynthesis, activation of enzyme and protein synthesis. Rhizospheric microorganisms are the keysegments of viable agricultural ecosystems.These perform a vital characterbyresolving the unobtainable Potassium form and make accessible forroots of plants. Potassium concentrations which are soluble in the soil are generally less though above 90% Potassium present in the soil subsist in the form of insoluble rock. Solubilization of a certain configuration of K is done by effective K-solubilizers treatment to an obtainable structure of K in the soil. The obtained form of K should be simply absorbed by the plant. Some selected bacterial and fungal isolates based on their morphological characteristics were assessed for their potentiality to resolve K from insolvable K trace. The selected isolates were in the form of rods, Gram positive and motile. This review assays on the morphological study of K-solubilizers for their remarkable supremacy in forming zone of solubilization.
In mediterranean countries, water is considered as the most basic assets for economic sustainability growth. For cultivation, water is not only essential but also essential in different sectors such as in industries and economic growth. It is considered as also an important component of the environment with significant impact on natural conservation and health. Around 70% of fresh water withdrawals goes to agriculture. The use of water within the sectors are very diverse and included mainly for irrigation pesticides and fertilizers application and sustain livestock. In India, agriculture is an important sector for sustenance and growth of Indian economy. Today, in the whole world, India is one of the largest producers of agricultural products. Several agricultural commodities like tea, coffee, oil seeds, fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, rice, wheat, spices etc. are considered as the major supplier from India. For crop and yards water, irrigation management involves the monitoring of water applications. It is especially important to monitor soil moisture in order to promote optimise crop yields without runoff percolated loss.
Biological diversity, the common term of biodiversity, in the simplest word means the variation and variety of life forms. The biodiversity being the amalgamation of dual word i.e. ‘Bios’ meaning “Life” and ‘Diversitas’ meaning “Variety” or “Difference”. Nitrogen fixation on one hand and Photosynthesis on the other hand is the foundation of all the living system in this planet. Nitrogen fixation can be defined as a chemical process involving the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into the nitrogenous compound, either biologically or physically. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) contributes about 90% of the process and rest 10% is carried out by the physical activities which include lightening, thunder, etc. Each and every year, approximately 17.2x10^7 tons of nitrogen are biologically fixed worldwide. The main contributors in BNF are the microorganisms which falls under two categories i.e. may be aerobic or anaerobic. Majority of the microbes do not have the potentiality to reduce nitrogen. The microorganisms having the potentiality of reducing nitrogen play a vital role in the nitrogen fixation along with nitrogen cycle in the nature. The microbes involved in BNF are usually the prokaryotes which make use of a biocatalyst or enzyme nitrogenise to bring about the catalysis of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to form ammonia (NH3). These prokaryotes consists of aquatic organisms like blue green algae, free living nitrogen fixers like Azotobacter, Clostridium, symbiotic nitrogen fixers like Rhizobium and associative symbiotic includes Azospirillium. The current review paper delineates with reference to the morphological study of nitrogen fixers.
MiRNAs are 20-22 nucleotide long single-stranded non-coding RNA sequences, which can regulate post transcriptional activity of mRNA by binding with it at 3’UTR region (untranslated region). Thus deregulation of miRNA expression is responsible for dysregulating mRNA function which contributes in developing various diseases as well as cancerous phenotypes. Alteration of single nucleotide in miRNA sequence is one of the reasons behind deregulation of miRNA expression. The most frequent carcinoma in current day is breast cancer which causes a high mortality among women around the world as well as India. Despite of the advancement of diagnostic tools, strategies and treatment, the cases of breast cancer is increasing every year. There are plenty of biomarkers like ER, PR, Her2, Ki-67, etc available which are frequently used in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. After the discovery of MiRNA in 1993 in Caenorhabiditis elegans, it is attracting all the limelight in diagnosis and treatment of different carcinomas as well as breast cancer. In this review we will discuss on involvement of different types of MiRNAs and miR SNPs in breast cancer occurrence and susceptibility in a detailed manner.
The enhancing requirement for organic products seeks at resolving difficulties of organic production systems. Primary hindrance for this production system is weed management. The base of weed control in organic farming is cultivation. Organic farmers implement eco-friendly management practices against less efficiency products, uncertain weather conditions, cost, potential hazard to soil health. System level practices that include crop rotation and cover cropping mostly recognized as weed management weapons. Somehow weed control should be implemented with proper knowledge of weed biology and these operations may get less profit or even enlarged weed population. Organic farmers embrace new management systems to enhance the outcome of pre-existing practices. Invention of modern cultivation tools leads to improved efficiency, faster and better working rate shows good result in control of weeds. Eco-friendly management practiced with the support of these tools centralize on reducing weed, increasing crop-weed interference will produce reliable weed management systems for organic farming.
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