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The objective of this study is to analyze life cycle energy and CO2 emission profiles by employing an input-output analysis method for urban houses in major cities of Indonesia. Two surveys investigating building material inventory and household energy consumption within individual houses were conducted in Bandung in 2011 and 2012. The results show that, if reused and recycled materials were assumed to be zero, the averaged embodied energy for simple, medium and luxurious houses in Bandung was larger than that for their respective houses in Jakarta. Overall, the average annual energy consumption of all samples in Jakarta was approximately 20.6 GJ, which is 5.0 GJ larger than that in Bandung. In terms of life cycle energy, the operational energy accounted for 79%-86% and 69%-81% of the total for respective houses in Jakarta and Bandung. The profiles of life cycle CO2 emissions are similar to those of energy. The results of the scenario analysis prove that the promotion of reusing/recycling is important to reduce building material inputs/waste and their corresponding embodied energy. It is also important to reduce the use of airconditioning for operational energy in the future by adopting passive cooling techniques wherever possible.

In times of rapid urbanization, increasing usage of chemicals in buildings, and energy saving measures, the topic of indoor air quality (IAQ) demands reinforced attention. Nevertheless, especially in developing countries with urgent building construction needs, IAQ has hardly been examined. This study investigates the condition of IAQ and health of occupants in newly constructed high-rise apartments in contrast to traditional detached houses (Kampongs) in Surabaya, Indonesia. Information on building attributes, cleaning and ventilation behavior, interior sources, personal characteristics and health, especially multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), was collected through 471 questionnaires. In addition, 76 measurements of TVOCs, formaldehyde and 30 measurements of mold risk were carried out. The results showed that the share of people in apartments with a very suggestive risk of MCS was twice as high as that in Kampongs (17.6% vs. 6.7%). Correlation analysis suggested that for both residential types, health problems, negative smell or perception of IAQ, and higher levels of stress determined higher degrees of MCS. For IAQ, high concentrations of formaldehyde and TVOCs were measured in apartments and corresponded to higher MCS risk, whereas severe mold issues were predicted in Kampongs. This study suggests major shortcomings in the indoor environment in newly constructed apartments for the physical and the mental health of occupants.

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The recent rapid population and economic growth in Southeast Asia has brought about drastic socio-economic changes, such as urbanization and an agricultural shift. Urbanization consists of concentrating a population from a rural to an urban area and expanding urban areas, which pushes farmland outward. The current development diagram generates and accumulates disaster risk as an extensive risk; however, the relationship between developmental progress and the increase in disaster risk must be determined for sustainable development to be achieved.We assessed the effects of land-use changes driven by economic growth on sedimentation in a river reach of the upper Citarum River basin in Indonesia. The land-use changes in the 20 years from 1990 to 2010 were driven by economic growth and urbanization around Bandung city and are typical for Southeast Asia. Urbanization was characterized by expansion of the urban area, replacement of paddy fields, and cultivation of forest into upland fields for cash crops. As a result, sediment runoff from the hillside to the plate increased from 0.17 Mton year −1 to 0.24 Mton year −1 , and sediment deposition on the plate increased from 0.11 Mton year −1 to 0.13 Mton year −1 .This amount corresponded to about 30% of the sediment dredged for flood control in 2013. These results indicate that the land-use changes had a direct impact on humans under the heavy rainfall and a wide plate with steep hillside characteristics of Southeast Asian islands. We revealed the relationship between developmental progress and increased disaster risk. The results suggest that forest cultivation and the increased flood risk in the urban area were directly connected through land-use driven by rapid economic growth and urbanization.

This study aims to develop a simplified life cycle assessment model for residential buildings in Indonesia, which can be used under relatively poor data availability conditions. In order to obtain material inventory data and household energy consumption profiles for constructing the above model, a survey was conducted in Bandung in 2011. This paper analyzes life cycle energy and CO2 emissions employing an input-output analysis-based method within unplanned houses (n=250), which are classified into three categories, namely simple, medium and luxurious houses. The results showed that the average embodied energy of simple, medium and luxurious houses was 36.3, 130.0 and 367.7 GJ respectively. The cement consumed the largest energy and emitted the most CO2 emissions among all materials. The annual average operational energy of simple, medium and luxurious houses varied widely at 11.6, 17.4 and 32.1 GJ/year respectively. The energy consumption for cooking accounted for the largest percentage of operational energy. The profiles of life cycle CO2 emissions were similar with those of life cycle energy. The factors affecting embodied, operational and life cycle energy were also studied.

The aim of this study is to develop a simplified Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model for residential buildings in Indonesia, which can be used under relatively poor data availability conditions. As the initial step, a pilot survey comprising a small number of samples (n=11) was carried out in the city of Bandung in March 2011 to initiate the development of LCA model. It was found that most of the statistical data required for LCA were only available at the national level in Indonesia, while most of the residential buildings do not have design records. Moreover, the household energy consumption data were found to be not available. The results of initial statistical analyses indicated that there is a potential to develop simplified projection methods of embodied energy as well as operational energy and thus to obtain life cycle energy and CO2 emissions based on some explanatory variables such as total floor area, lot area or household income.