Most Rivulidae fishes are popularly known as annual fishes which live in ephemeral environments such as pools, that obligatorily dry out seasonally causing the death of adult individuals. They have unique biological characteristics such as small body size, early sexual maturation, continuous reproduction, an elaborated courtship behavior, and a great reproductive capacity among fishes. The rivulids are widely distributed in North, Central and South America. In this study, the diet and reproductive biology of Cynopoecilus melanotaenia was analyzed. A total of 263 specimens were collected and the analysis of 233 gastrointestinal contents revealed an invertivorous diet composed mainly of small crustaceans (Cladocera, Amphipoda, and Ostracoda) and immature insects (Chaoboridae, Culicidae, Syrphidae, but mainly Chironomidae larvae). Lepidophagy on male's diet was also registered. Fecundity was estimated by analyzing 59 pairs of mature ovaries and ranged from 2 to 157 oocytes (mean, 19 ± 26[SD]). The species has fractional spawning, a strategy to increase the chance of survival to prolonged depletions. This study is the first to investigate the reproductive biology of C. melanotaenia. The results confirmed the opportunistic character of the rivulid C. melanotaenia and provided unreported reproductive information that may aid conservation of the species.A maioria dos peixes da família Rivulidae são popularmente conhecidos como anuais por completarem todo seu ciclo biológico em pequenos corpos de água temporários que secam obrigatoriamente em determinados períodos do ano causando a morte dos indivíduos adultos. Possuem características biológicas peculiares como pequeno porte, maturação sexual precoce, reprodução contínua, um elaborado padrão de corte e uma grande capacidade reprodutiva entre os peixes. Os rivulídeos se encontram amplamente distribuídos nas Américas do Norte, Central e Sul. Este trabalho analisou a dieta e a biologia reprodutiva de Cynopoecilus melanotaenia. Foram coletados 263 exemplares e a análise de 233 conteúdos gastrointestinais revelou uma dieta invertívora composta principalmente por microcrustáceos (Cladocera, Amphipoda e Ostracoda) e insetos imaturos (Chaoboridae, Culicidae, Syrphidae, mas principalmente larvas de Chironomidae). Foi registrada a lepidofagia na dieta dos machos. A fecundidade foi estimada pela análise de 59 pares de ovários maduros e variou entre 2 a 157 ovócitos (média, 19 ± 26[DP]). A espécie apresentou desova parcelada, uma estratégia para aumentar a chance de sobrevivência a depleções prolongadas. Este trabalho apresenta a primeira investigação sobre a biologia reprodutiva de C. melanotaenia. Os resultados encontrados sugerem a estratégia reprodutiva oportunista de C. melanotaenia e fornecem novas informações biológicas que podem contribuir para pesquisas de conservação e manutenção da espécie em seu ambiente natural.

RESUMO.A microbacia do Ribeirão Grande situa-se nas vertentes da serra da Mantiqueira e está circundada pela floresta Atlântica. Foram amostrados oito locais na microbacia do Ribeirão Grande, no inverno (julho de 2001), primavera (outubro de 2001), verão (fevereiro de 2002) e outono (abril de 2002). As amostras foram coletadas com um aparelho elétrico de pesca. A maturação das gônadas, os graus de repleção do estômago e de gordura visceral foram distribuídas em um ciclo anual. Neoplecostomus microps tem período de desova que vai da primavera ao verão. O tamanho da primeira maturação gonadal para machos foi de 5,9 cm de comprimento total e de 6,9 cm para as fêmeas. O alto valor em outubro e fevereiro para a relação gonadossomática e para o fator de condição relativo coincidiram com o período de desova. Foram encontradas, na dieta de N. microps, larvas de Diptera (Simulium, Chironomus), ninfas de Plecoptera e larvas de Coleoptera aquáticas (Psephenus). O aumento da alimentação, do verão ao outono, proporcionou acúmulo de gordura visceral. Durante as estações seguintes, o peixe pode utilizar as reservas de gordura para a manutenção e reprodução. O padrão reprodutivo e o de alimentação foram interpretados como sendo adaptações em relação às variações temporais e espaciais no ambiente e na disponibilidade de alimento.Palavras-chave: Neoplecostomus microps, ciclo de vida, hábito alimentar, ecologia de riacho.ABSTRACT. Reproduction and feeding aspects of Neoplecostomus microps (Loricariidae, Neoplecostominae) in the Ribeirão Grande system, eastern Serra da Mantiqueira (São Paulo State). The Ribeirão Grande system is located in the slope of the Serra da Mantiqueira and is surrounded by Atlantic forest. Eight sites were surveyed in the Ribeirão Grande system, during the winter (July 2001), spring (October 2001), summer (February 2002) and fall (April 2002). Samples were made with an electrofishing device. Gonad maturation, levels of stomach fullness and fat content were analyzed and their distributions reported in an annual cycle. Neoplecostomus microps has a spawning in the spring through to summer. The size at sexual maturity is about 5.9 cm total length for males and 6.9 cm for females. The high values in October and February by the gonadosomatic index and the relative condition factor coincided with the spawning period. In the diet of N. microps were found Diptera larvae (Simulium, Chironomus), Plecoptera nymphs and Coleoptera aquatic larvae (Psephenus). The increased feeding from summer to fall provided fat accumulation. During subsequent seasons, fish may utilize visceral fat reserves for maintenance and reproduction. The reproductive pattern and feeding are interpreted as being an adaptation with respect to temporal and spatial variation and food availability.

Abstract:To study the relationships among Sciaenidae fish and Penaeoidea shrimp biomass, fieldwork was carried out in the north coast of São Paulo state, Brazil, during the four seasons of 2001. Samples were collected in transects from different depths at Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba, and São Sebastião cities. Water and sediment were collected from each transect. The hypotheses that the environmental factors were different among the seasons and depths were tested by ANOVAs. The statistical dependence among the biomasses of fishes (response variable) and the biomasses of shrimps (covariable) in the three sections was tested by an ANCOVA model. CCA was used to quantify the relationships among each species' biomass. The seasons and sections important at the CCA results were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test and depth by Spearman's test. The temperatures and salinities were significantly different among seasons but organic matter and phi were not. A total of 378,618 g of fish and 79,338 g of shrimp were collected and the majority was captured during the winter and in shallow transects. The greatest biomass of both groups was captured at Caraguatatuba and the correlation between fish and shrimp captures was negative. A positive correlation was found in the other areas. Therefore, data from Caraguatatuba was removed from the final ANCOVA model, in which 47% of Sciaenidae biomass variability was explained by the presence of Penaeoidea shrimps. Xiphopenaeus kroyeri was the only important factor in Sciaenidae distribution in the axis 1, while axis 2 indirectly evidenced the depth gradient. The results suggest that many fish species search for the same areas where shrimp occurs, related to abiotic factors, and use them as food resource. Resumo: Visando analisar as associações entre as biomassas de peixes Sciaenidae e de camarões Penaeoidea, foram feitas amostragens com barco de arrasto nas quatro estações do ano de 2001, em um gradiente de profundidade, nas regiões de Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba e São Sebastião. Em cada transecto, foram obtidas amostras de água e de sedimento. As hipóteses de que os fatores ambientais foram diferentes entre as estações do ano e profundidades foram testadas por ANOVAs. A dependência estatística entre as biomassas de peixes (variável resposta) e as biomassas de camarões (covariável) nas três regiões, foi testada por um modelo de ANCOVA. Para quantificar as relações entre as biomassas de cada espécie foi utilizada a CCA. A importância das estações do ano e das regiões no resultado da CCA foi avaliada pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis e da profundidade pelo teste de Spearman. Nas estações do ano, as temperaturas e salinidades foram significativamente diferentes, o que não ocorreu com matéria orgânica (MO) e o diâmetro médio do sedimento (phi = Ф). Foram amostrados 378.618 g de peixes e 79.338 g de camarões, com maiores capturas no inverno e nas menores profundidades. Em Caraguatatuba foram coletadas as maiores biomassas de ambos os grupos e a correlação entre as capturas de peixes e de camarões foi negativa. ...

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a época de reprodução, a fecundidade, o tipo de desova e os aspectos alimentares de Rhamdia quelen em rios da Mata Atlântica no Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, estado de São Paulo. Foram realizadas amostragens mensais de janeiro a dezembro de 2004 em dois rios, Paraibuna e Grande, da bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul. A atividade alimentar, o acúmulo de gordura na cavidade visceral e a época reprodutiva ocorreram ao longo de praticamente todo o período de coleta, possivelmente pela falta de sazonalidade na região. Os itens alimentares foram muito diversos e a dieta foi caracterizada como sendo onívora, com tendência ao consumo de insetos. A desova de R. quelen foi do tipo parcelada. A fecundidade média foi de 27.759,7 e de 29.757,3 nos rios Paraibuna e Grande, respectivamente.

CETRA, M., RONDINELI, G.R. & SOUZA, U.P. Resource sharing by two nectobenthic freshwater fish species of streams in the Cachoeira river basin (BA). Biota Neotrop. 11(2): http://www.biotaneotropica.org. br/v11n2/en/abstract?article+bn01911022011. Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate specific characteristics and common features related to the abundance and the gradient of environmental conditions and food resources used by Trichomycterus bahianus and Characidium aff. zebra. These species are two typical streams fishes collected during the rainy season using electric fishing equipment in eight sites at the headwaters of the Cachoeira river basin, in a region of Atlantic rainforest in southeast of Bahia State. We quantified the correlation between environmental data and abundance through a principal component analysis. It was obtained the diet amplitude, the niche overlap and tested the differences in exploitation of food resources. In addition, we tested the differences in composition and degree of food preference in different stages of development. We collected 55 specimens of C. zebra and 124 of T. bahianus. It was found that the abundance of the two species is related to the gradient grass-rock on the shore and sand-boulder at the bottom. We can say that regardless of species, females were larger and heavier than males (p < 0.001). The sex ratio of C. zebra differ from the expected (χ 2 = 4.091, df = 1, p = 0.043). The two species were classified as invertivorous, consuming mostly immature aquatic insects. There was no significant difference in the number of items consumed by the species, and the diet overlap was high (O j,k = 0.895). However, the species showed different strategies to obtain food which lead to significant differences in exploitation of food resources (p < 0.001). This was evidenced when we took into account the different stages of development, showing that the diet of C. zebra is more generalist than T. bahianus. Probably, the sharing of abundant resources and differences in the occupation of microhabitats and life strategies allows the coexistence of this two species in the streams of the Cachoeira river basin during the rainy season. Keywords: environmental conditions, diet, Atlantic rainforest, stage of development, Characidium zebra, Trichomycterus bahianus.CETRA, M., RONDINELI, G.R. & SOUZA, U.P. Compartilhamento de recursos por duas espécies de peixes nectobentônicas de riachos na bacia do rio Cachoeira (BA). Biota Neotrop. 11(2): http://www.biotaneotropica. org.br/v11n2/pt/abstract?article+bn01911022011.Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo buscar particularidades e aspectos em comum relacionados com as condições ambientais de ocorrência e recursos alimentares utilizados por Trichomycterus bahianus e Characidium aff. zebra, duas espécies típicas de riachos coletadas durante o período chuvoso na bacia do rio Cachoeira, sudeste da Bahia, uma região da Mata Atlântica, utilizando-se um equipamento de pesca elétrica em oito trechos de riachos de cabeceira. Foi verificada a...

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Recent metacommunity ecology research has demonstrated that local communities can be divided into different guilds. We hypothesised that wadeable streams are occupied by fishes that follow distinct metacommunity processes. The mainstem is a river corridor for the potamonic fish guild (PFG) but represents a nonhabitat matrix for the rhithronic fish guild (RFG). Accordingly, the PFG should be filtered out from the headwaters by dispersal limitations or environmental filtering along the longitudinal gradient, and the guild should have a nested pattern of beta diversity. The RFG should be structured by the local species sorting, and the species turnover component should prevail. We sampled fishes in 42 streams distributed in four subbasins that were separated by at least one mainstem channel. We modelled the influences of spatial and environmental predictors using a partial redundancy analysis and variance partitioning and by quantifying the components of beta diversity that were associated with species turnover and nestedness. Both environment and space affected the structure of the RFG, owing to the influence of substrate type, riparian cover and presence of downstream barriers. The PFG was structured by only the influence of downstream barriers. Species turnover predominated within the RFG, and species nestedness dominated within the PFG. Our results support the hypothesis that potamonic and rhithronic guilds coexist in wadeable streams and follow distinct metacommunity assembly mechanisms. Potamonic guilds are structured by regional dispersal from the mainstem channels, whereas rhithronic guilds are sorted by local filtering along the longitudinal gradient in a spatially structured environment.

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