In this study biological effects of purified wasp venom toxins were evaluated on phosphatase enzyme activity in blood serum, liver and gastrocnemius muscle tissue of albino mice. A significant elevation was observed in serum acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase in serum, liver and gastrocnemius muscles in albino mice after injection of sub-lethal dose of purified Polistes flavus venom toxins. Polistes flavus venom toxins also cause liver ischemia and hypoxia, which resulted in increase in level of serum acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, may retard the protein synthesis in tissues and release excess free amino acids into the circulation, thereby, increasing amino acid level in the serum. Both conditions clearly indicate toxic effects of venom toxins on membrane and muscle cell functions.
Present review explains different modes of transmission of coronavirus, facts and challenges people have faced at global level. Anthropogenic activities such as trade, transport, travel, business, tourism and religious are responsible for transmission of this virus. It is noticeable that among all modes of transmission human mistakes have increased the severity of disease as super spreaders and unknowingly enhanced the accidental unmanageable risks in high density population zones. Transmission is largely supported by weather conditions such as humidity, temperature, precipitation and industrial pollution in urban areas. It is also seen that housing designs and physical amenities are also responsible for indoor flu virus transmission. Though, it seems very challenging task to mitigate transmission of this deadly virus in near future, but two important ways can cut down virus transmission i.e. by genetic locking or switching off virus spike protein genes in genome. It will stop climate induced genetic variabilities mainly mutations in virus, that may result in zeroing the infectivity and mortality. Second by using advance technology virus invasion on human population can be effectively controlled by applying social distancing, clinical care and proper monitoring of Covid-19 patients. Because development of vaccine against this virus will take more time, hence, all possible therapeutics such as Ayurvedic preparations/medicines and conventional methods should apply for instant control of virus; morbidity and mortality in human population. Fast acting physico-chemical devices which could disinfect thousands of people in a day are to be used for decreasing the infection rate and increasing the sustainability of infected patients. For checking further emergence of viral diseases W.H.O. should take every reason and negligence in its cognizance and intervene in the matter, so that pandemic disasters may not happen in future.
Effects of paper wasp (Polistes flavus) venom toxins on lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity in blood serum, liver and muscles of albino mice
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