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Tearful crying is a ubiquitous and likely uniquely human phenomenon. Scholars have argued that emotional tears serve an attachment function: Tears are thought to act as a social glue by evoking social support intentions. Initial experimental studies supported this proposition across several methodologies, but these were conducted almost exclusively on participants from North America and Europe, resulting in limited generalizability. This project examined the tears-social support intentions effect and possible mediating and moderating variables in a fully pre-registered study across 7,007 participants (24,886 ratings) and 41 countries spanning all populated continents. Participants were presented with four pictures out of 100 possible targets with or without digitally-added tears. We confirmed the main prediction that seeing a tearful individual elicits the intention to support, d = .49 [.43, .55]. Our data suggest that this effect could be mediated by perceiving the crying target as warmer and more helpless, feeling more connected, as well as feeling more empathic concern for the crier, but not by an increase in personal distress of the observer. The effect was moderated by the situational valence, identifying the target as part of one's group, and trait empathic concern. A neutral situation, high trait empathic concern, and low identification increased the effect. We observed high heterogeneity across countries that was, via split-half validation, best explained by countrylevel GDP per capita and subjective well-being with stronger effects for higher-scoring countries. These findings suggest that tears can function as social glue, providing one possible explanation why emotional crying persists into adulthood.

This study was tested a model for explain to social networks sites (SNS) usage with structural equation modeling (SEM). Using SEM on a sample of 475 high school students (35% male, 65% female) students, model was investigated the relationship between self-concealment, social appearance anxiety, loneliness on SNS such as Twitter and Facebook usage. It was hypothesized that SNS usage was predicted directly by self-concealment, was predicted indirectly by loneliness and social appearance anxiety. The SEM showed that SNS usage was significantly predicted directly by self-concealment and was significantly predicted indirectly by social appearance anxiety and loneliness. It was revealed that the fit indicies of the SEM created (x 2 : 6.18, df: 2, x 2 /df: 3.09, p=.04558, RMSEA=.065, GFI=.99, AGFI=.97, NFI=.98, NNFI=.95, CFI=.98, IFI=.98, RMR=.049; SRMR=.028) in fit values. Based on the results social appearance anxiety, self-concealment and loneliness of high school students are remarkable predictors in terms of SNS usage.

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ÖzBu çalışmada lise öğrencilerinin sosyal ilişkilerinde, aile ilişkilerinde ve duygusal ilişkilerindeki yalnızlıklarının sosyal ağ sitelerinin kullanımını yordayıp yordamadığını tespit etmek amaçlanmış-tır. Çalışma çeşitli okullarda öğrenim hayatlarına devam eden 199'u kız (%40) 297'si erkek (%60) olan, Bolu ilindeki 13 devlet lisesine devam eden 496 lise öğrencisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öğrenci-lerin sosyal ağları kullanım sürelerini belirlemek için ‚Günde kaç saat Facebook, Twitter kullanı-yorsunuz‛ sorusu sorulmuş ve yalnızlık düzeylerini belirlemek için Sosyal-Duygusal Yalnızlık öl-çeği uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde koreslayon ve aşamalı regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan istatistiksel işlemler sonucunda romantik ilişkilerde yalnızlık ve aile ilişkilerinde yalnızlı-ğın sosyal ağların kullanımını yordadığı fakat sosyal ilişkilerde yalnızlığın sosyal ağların kullanı-mını yordamadığı görülmüştür. Yine aynı şekilde romantik ilişkilerde yalnızlık ve aile ilişkilerinde yalnızlık ile sosyal ağların kullanımını arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar literatür ışında tartışılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyal ağ siteleri kullanımı, lise öğrencileri, yalnızlık. Multi-Dimensional Loneliness as the Predictor of High School Students' Social Network Sites (SNS) Use AbstractThis study aims at determine whether high school students' loneliness in social, family and romantic relations predict the social network website use. The study was performed with total 496 high school students, 199 (40%) of which are male and 297 (60%) of which are female, who study at 13 state high schools in Bolu province. For collecting data, the Social Networking Information Form which is composed of the questions to what extent do you use Facebook and Twitter in a day?‛ and the Social-Emotional Loneliness Scale were used to determine how much time students spend on SNS. The data was examined with correlation and stepwise regression analysis. It was found as a result of the statistical procedures that loneliness in romantic relations and loneliness in family relations predicted the social network use but loneliness in social relations did not. While a negative and significant relationship was found between loneliness in romantic relations and the use of SNS and a positive and significant relationship was found between loneliness in family relations and the

Öz Bu araştırmanın amacı, lise düzeyindeki öğrencilerin sosyal kaygı düzeyleri ve sosyal ağ siteleri kullanımları ile problemli akıllı telefon

Aims Pandemics can cause substantial psychological distress; however, we do not know the impact of the COVID-19 related lockdown and mental health burden on the parents of school age children. We aimed to comparatively examine the COVID-19 related the stress and psychological burden of the parents with different occupational, locational, and mental health status related backgrounds. Methods A large-scale multicenter online survey was completed by the parents ( n = 3,278) of children aged 6 to 18 years, parents with different occupational (health care workers—HCW [18.2%] vs. others), geographical (İstanbul [38.2%] vs. others), and psychiatric (child with a mental disorder [37.8%]) backgrounds. Results Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that being a HCW parent (odds ratio 1.79, p < .001), a mother (odds ratio 1.67, p < .001), and a younger parent (odds ratio 0.98, p = .012); living with an adult with a chronic physical illness (odds ratio 1.38, p < .001), having an acquaintance diagnosed with COVID-19 (odds ratio 1.22, p = .043), positive psychiatric history (odds ratio 1.29, p < .001), and living with a child with moderate or high emotional distress (odds ratio 1.29, p < .001; vs. odds ratio 2.61, p < .001) were independently associated with significant parental distress. Conclusions Parents report significant psychological distress associated with COVID-19 pandemic and further research is needed to investigate its wider impact including on the whole family unit.

Objective: A dissertation is a scientific document. However, if it is not published in a scientific journal, it will gain access to only a limited audience and thus will be unable to achieve its objective. Nevertheless, the rate of publishing in journals is not high among dissertations. In this study, we aimed to investigate the publishing rates of general surgery dissertations in journals and the total number of citations. Material and Methods:All medical dissertations that have been prepared at general surgery departments of university hospitals and presented between the years 2006 and 2008 were analyzed. The authors checked whether the dissertations were published in a journal or not, by searching the dissertation in 4 different resources with the name of their authors.Results: Two hundred and thirty-two dissertations were included. Half of those dissertations were experimental animal studies. Seventy dissertations were published in various journals. Fifty one (22%) of these were published in Science Citation Index Expanded journals, while 19 (8.1%) of them were published in Turkish non-Science Citation Index Expanded journals. There was no significant difference in terms of publishing rates between study types. The number of annual citations per article was 1.1. The writer of the dissertation was the first author in 35 (68,6%) articles. Conclusion:The publishing rates of dissertations in general surgery is low, with only 22% being published in Science Citation Index Expanded journals. The citation rate was also detected to be low in our study. Consequently, a dissertation should be considered as a scientific research study and planned as such, not as obligatory assignments. The publishing rates of dissertations should be increased, and authors should be led and encouraged to publish their dissertations.