The article focuses on paramount targets for developing “smart” cities in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The conducted studies substantiate the effectiveness of reforms in the housing and utilities sector of Kazakhstan in accordance with the branch state programs and the need for a comprehensive solution of the existing problems for the further successful development of smart cities. This study has been conducted in the framework of the project APO05134552 entitled “Economic evaluation of investment projects for the modernization of housing and communal services in the Republic of Kazakhstan”.

Housing affordability is an acute socio-economic problem in many countries, and Kazakhstan is no exception. The purpose of the article is to assess the affordability of purchasing houses in the regions of Kazakhstan, taking into account dynamic changes in household income and expenditures. The analysis used data from 17 regions of Kazakhstan for 2021, which were collected from the Bureau of National Statistics, Statistical Bulletin of the National Bank, and analytical web portal. Based on the data, three indicators – down payment affordability (DPA), monthly repayment affordability (MRA), and dynamic indicator TAM, which is the time to achieve adequate MRA – were calculated. Then the Housing Affordability Quadrant was built. The results of the analysis showed that all regions of Kazakhstan are located in the third quadrant. This means that households in these regions have difficulty making both down and monthly payments. Full housing affordability in any part of the country is not observed. Then the affordability of housing under the preferential mortgage lending program was assessed, and as a result, housing affordability improved only slightly. The authors concluded that the lower the solvency of monthly payments, the less effective the effect of increasing affordability by lowering the interest rate on mortgage loans. Instead, it is recommended to take state control of prices in the real estate market in each region of Kazakhstan.

The economic independence of any state is the basis of the welfare of the country's population. Starting from 2011, the Republic of Kazakhstan has been working on the financial stabilization of its core assets by transferring leading national companies to an IPO. Formation and development of the IPO market requires conducting various economic analyses and determining the effectiveness of innovative design solutions involved in this direction. One of such activities is the corporate asset valuation of the enterprise entering the IPO market. As a rule, each asset has its own internal base value, which is estimated depending on the character of cash flows, the rate of their growth and the degree of future risk. As a result of the evaluation, the enterprise will have an idea of the life cycle of the project being invested, a pattern of cash flow will be revealed and a discount rate will be determined in order to determine the present value. At the initial stage of the IPO market formation in Kazakhstan, major national companies with long life cycles possessing a sufficient number of assets were identified as the main participants of the project. To participate in an IPO one should know the basic rules of investment, trade mechanisms and features, as well as the law regulating these issues.

The article examines the influence of the housing and communal services on the sustainability of the city. The work provides the interpretation of the “urban sustainability” category, considers the main indicators of ensuring the sustainability of the city. The components of the urban sustainability, associated with the improvement and modernization of housing and communal services for the degree of comfort of living of the population, have been substantiated. The role of housing and communal services in ensuring the sustainability of the city, the sustainability of the urban environment is presented in the results of a survey conducted as part of a sociological study. The issues of the quality of the provided housing and communal services, the degree of satisfaction of consumers with housing and communal services, the extent to which residents can take part in making decisions to improve the quality of life and the urban environment, issues of safe life in the city, the need to build new social facilities to improve the urban environment, the degree of implementation of investment design solutions, organization of management of apartment buildings, etc. The study was carried out as part of a scientific project.

А ННОТА Ц И Я:. Предмет исследования: экономическое развитие жилищно-коммунального хозяйства (ЖКХ) напрямую связано с реализацией жилищной политики страны, имеющей большое значение для строительной индустрии, экономики и населения. Плачевное состояние коммунальных сетей и сооружений ресурсосодержащих систем России и Казахстана, доставшееся в наследство от Советского Союза, в основном, не соответствовало требованиям устойчивого и надлежащего качества предоставления коммунальных услуг. После приобретения независимости в России и Казахстане, как и в других постсоветских странах, была проведена реформа ЖКХ, осуществлена массовая приватизация жилья, в результате чего сформировалась качественно новая сфера жилищных отношений. Прошедший период выявил определенные диспропорции в развитии жилищных отношений, вследствие этого в жилищнокоммунальной сфере накопилось немало проблем, требующих решения. В связи с этим обоснована актуальность исследования, направленного на осуществление сравнительного анализа развития и состояния ЖКХ упомянутых государств. В статье проводится оценка современного состояния и тенденции развития жилищно-коммунального хозяйства России и Казахстана. Данное исследование проведено в рамках научного проекта APО05134552 «Экономическая оценка инвестиционных проектов по модернизации жилищно-коммунального хозяйства Республики Казахстан». Цели: проведение сравнительного анализа развития и состояния жилищно-коммунального хозяйства России и Казахстана и выявление проблем, связанных с реализуемыми в странах жилищной реформой и модернизацией коммунальной инфраструктуры. Материалы и методы: использовались статистические данные о состоянии жилищного фонда и жилищно-коммунального хозяйства Федеральной службы государственной статистики РФ (ФСГС РФ) и Агентства по статистике Министерства национальной экономики Республики Казахстан (АС МНЭ РК). В данной научной работе применялись методы анализа, индукции, дедукции, сравнительный и диалектико-логический подходы. Результаты: дана оценка состояния жилищно-коммунального хозяйства России и Казахстана по показателям, собранным в группы основных подотраслей ЖКХ-жилищное хозяйство и коммунальное хозяйство за период 2010-2016 гг. Экономическая оценка развития жилищно-коммунального хозяйства основывалась на разработке комплекса качественных показателей: 1) удельный вес аварийного жилищного фонда в общей площади всего жилищного фонда; 2) жилищный фонд, обеспеченный по видам благоустройства (водопроводом, водоотведением, отоплением, газом или электроплитами); 3) уровень обеспеченности населения жильем; 4) коэффициент аварийности в сетях; 5) потери ресурсов в сетях (воды и тепла). Выводы: в процессе исследования стало возможным обозначить проблемные вопросы, сдерживающие более успешное развитие жилищно-коммунального сектора в рассматриваемых странах. Проведенный анализ обосновывает необходимость отраслевого реформирования и комплексной системы оценки развития жилищно-коммунального хозяйства в соответствии со стратегической политикой и целевыми государственными программами.

This article analyzes how a regulating entity influences an object based on the strategic goal and the goals and principles of state regulation of the development of the public-private partnership (PPP) sphere as a single system. It is possible to distinguish several functional mechanisms in this analysis, including organizational, administrative, economic, legal, and informational approaches. The authors used general scientific methods and analyzed the main directions of PPP development and implementation strategies in the health sector. It was found that the mechanism of state regulation of PPP development includes a set of processes (within the system) aimed at ensuring the purposeful influence of state authorities (regulating entities) to transfer proactive (based on planning, coordination, adjustment) and reactive (adaptability and dynamic response) responses to the parameters of a regulated object. This is done to stabilize changes in the state of the object or to overcome individual contradictions, following existing functions and principles as well as established goals and state policy in the field of PPP development. Based on PPP projects, these multisectoral clusters can become so-called "growth points" of individual industries connected by projects. In this vein, the main methodological risk factors are determined, and recommendations on a methodology that should be used by risk managers are provided. There is a possibility of obtaining an intersectoral effect from the implementation of PPP projects as a new approach to the implementation of combined goals through PPP and reducing the cost of services while increasing quality.

The article is devoted to the use of public-private partnership in housing and communal services and the expansion of University housing infrastructure in Kazakhstan. The analysis of the qualitative and quantitative status of projects that are officially registered in the databases of relevant state institutions is carried out. All implemented projects of public-private partnership with participation of state budgeting are subject to competitive selection, certain stages of reviewing and study of economic efficiency of project solutions, search for business partners who are ready to take on certain risks. This analysis reveals the real state of implementation of state programs to modernize housing and utilities, increase the housing stock of University infrastructure. Since the analysis of the distribution of public-private partnership projects for housing and communal services, energy supply in all regions of Kazakhstan was carried out, the research results presented in this article will be used in drawing up strategic plans for the territories development. Since the financing of some investment projects for the modernization of housing and communal services is carried out on the basis of state, local budgets, all these projects must be registered in the information databases of state bodies. The article also presents the results of expanding University housing infrastructures through the construction of new and reconstruction of existing student dormitories using mechanism of public-private partnership in the regions, which is currently at the initial stage of project formation. The article presents the results of the implementation of this task in the regions, which is currently at the initial stage of the formation of PPP projects for the construction of student dormitories

The article presents the results of a study on the development of the petrochemical industry, which is part of the structure of the fuel and energy complex of Kazakhstan. The development of the petrochemical industry of the country is carried out through the creation of a petrochemical cluster and the construction of plants for the production of petrochemical products (polyethylene, butadiene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate), which are geographically located in the western region of the country, where the main hydrocarbon reserves are concentrated, large oil and gas production enterprises operate, there are necessary infrastructure facilities. Forecast indicators of the development of petrochemistry, technical and economic characteristics of petrochemical projects are given. Information is presented on the development of the petrochemical cluster and the organization of the production of each petrochemical product separately. The authors carried out forecast calculations for import substitution and export in the implementation of petrochemical development projects in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to conduct a predictive analysis of the development of the petrochemical industry in Kazakhstan, since this branch of the national economy is still at the stage of formation.