1. Fungi play critical roles in ecosystem processes and interact with plant communities in mutualistic, pathogenic, and commensal ways. Fungal communities are thought to depend on both associated tree communities and soil properties. However, the relative importance of the biotic and abiotic drivers of soil fungal community structure and diversity in lowland tropical forests remains poorly understood. 2. We examined the community structure of trees and fungi at different levels of phosphorus (0Á17-16Á3 mg kg À1 ) in moist tropical forests in Panama. We predicted that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal composition would be more strongly associated with soil properties than with local tree communities while the composition of other fungal clades would be more strongly correlated with local tree communities than soil properties. We also predicted that fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness would be negatively correlated with soil fertility and positively correlated with tree species diversity within and among forests. 3. We characterized soil chemistry, fine root biomass, and sequenced the ITS1 barcode region to describe fungal community composition from 70 soil cores across three 1-ha tropical rainforest sites in Panama. The sites vary in soil chemistry, including P, and in tree species community composition, but experience similar annual rainfall. 4. AM fungal community composition was partially correlated with soil chemistry (r = 0Á32, P ≤ 0Á001), but not with local tree communities, while non-AM fungal communities were nearly equally correlated with soil chemistry (Partial Mantel test, r = 0Á38, P ≤ 0Á001) as with tree communities (r = 0Á36, P ≤ 0Á001). Linear models showed that AM OTU richness was not explained by any independent variable. For non-AM fungi, phosphorus, pH, and soil moisture better predicted OTU richness across all cores than other biotic and abiotic factors. 5. Synthesis. Our results show that AM fungal structure is driven primarily by soil chemistry. For non-AM fungi, soil properties and the local tree community can play a joint role in structuring communities. Furthermore, we found that more diverse local tree communities did not harbour more fungal species. Our results suggest that soil properties act as an environmental filter for both trees and fungi, setting the stage for interactions between the two.

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has recently been reintroduced as an agricultural commodity in the United States, and, through state-led pilot programs, growers and researchers have been investigating production strategies. Diseases and disorders of industrial hemp in the United States are largely unknowns because record-keeping and taxonomy have improved dramatically in the last several decades. In 2016, North Carolina launched a pilot program to investigate industrial hemp, and diseases and abiotic disorders were surveyed in 2017 and 2018. Producers, consultants, and agricultural extension agents submitted samples to the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Agronomic Services Division (n = 572) and the North Carolina Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (n = 117). Common field diseases found included Fusarium foliar and flower blights (Fusarium graminearum), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum), and Helminthosporium leaf spot (Exserohilum rostratum). Greenhouse diseases were primarily caused by Pythium spp. and Botrytis cinerea. Common environmental disorders were attributed to excessive rainfall flooding roots and poor root development of transplanted clones.

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During the 2019 growing season, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants in North Carolina were observed to have virus-like symptoms including leaf rugosity, leaf curling, and shortened upper internodes, consistent with Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Disease (CLRDD) associated with cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV, family: Luteoviridae, genus: Polerovirus) (Avelar et al. 2020). Sentinel plots planted on June 17, 2019 at the Sandhills Research Station in Moore County, NC exhibited CLRDD symptoms and disease incidence was estimated at 75% on a 0.1-ha field. Cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover), the reported vector of CLRDV (Michelotto and Busoli 2007; Heilsnis et al. 2020; McLaughlin et al. 2020), were detected on plants throughout the growing season. Samples (n = 24) were collected from sentinel plots on September 20, 2019 to test for CLRDV through RT-PCR. Each sample represented five symptomatic plants collected from a single plot. Total RNA was extracted from the petiole tissue of each sample using Qiagen RNeasy Plant Mini kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD), following the manufacturer’s recommendations. The cDNA was synthesized using SuperScript IV first-strand synthesis system (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and amplified with CLRDV-specific PCR primers CLRDV3675F/Pol3982R (Sharman et al. 2015) targeting a 310 bp genome segment of ORF3-5. Seven CLRDV positive samples were further amplified with two additional primer sets specifically designed to detect CLRDV: AL674F/AL1407R (Avelar et al. 2019), targeting a 733 bp portion of the ORF0-ORF1, and CLPOF/CLPOR (Cascardo et al. 2015), amplifying a 880 bp fragment spanning the ORF0. Nucleotide BLAST searches showed that the best matches for all sequences in this study were derived from CLRDV with a range of pairwise identity of 99.2¬¬ - 100% for all genome segments. From symptomatic samples (n = 14 ), the isolated virus was confirmed as CLRDV in several cotton varieties, including Deltapine 1646 B2XF (GenBank Accessions MN958131 (ORF3-5), MN958147 (ORF0-ORF1), MN958138 (ORF0), MN958133 (ORF3-5), MN958145 (ORF0-ORF1), MN958140 (ORF0)), Phytogen 480 W3FE (MN958134 (ORF3-5), MN958144 (ORF0-ORF1), MN958141 (ORF0), Stoneville 5471 GLTP (GenBank Accessions MN958135 (ORF3-5), MN958143 (ORF0-ORF1), MN958142 (ORF0)), and Nextgen 5711 B3XF (GenBank Accessions MN958130 (ORF3-5), MN958148 (ORF0-ORF1), MN958137 (ORF0), MN958132 (ORF3-5), MN958146 (ORF0-ORF1), MN958139 (ORF0), and MN958136 (ORF3-5). CLRDD is a newly named disease of cotton in the United States that was first reported in Alabama (Avelar et al. 2019), Georgia (Tabassum et. al. 2019), Mississippi (Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic et. al. 2019), and Texas (Alabi et al. 2019). While the virus has been reported with variable impacts, losses can be extensive in some fields that are affected (Avelar et al. 2019). North Carolina produced over one million bales of cotton in 2019 and given reported losses among fields with high disease incidence, CLRDV has the potential to significantly reduce cotton yield and quality for the state if it becomes widespread.

Introduction: Recent advances in preoperative 3D templating software allow surgeons to plan implant size and position for stemless total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Whether these preoperative plans accurately reflect intraoperative decisions is yet unknown, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate concordance between planned and actual implant sizes in a series of patients undergoing stemless TSA. Methods: A retrospective cohort of consecutive, anatomic, stemless TSA cases performed by two surgeons between September 2019 and February 2021 was examined. Preoperative templated plans were collected using 3D planning software, and the sizes of planned glenoid, humeral head, and nucleus "stem" implants and other procedural data were recorded, along with sociodemographic information. These predicted parameters were compared with the implant sizes, and the concordance of these templated plans was quantified by direct comparison and bootstrapped simulations. Results: Fifty cases met inclusion criteria, among which perfect concordance across all three implants was observed in 11 cases (22%). The glenoid implant had the highest concordance (80%) relative to the humeral head and nucleus implants (38% and 60%, respectively), which was statistically significant (P , 0.001). Planned humeral head implants were more often oversized relative to their actual implanted size. However, 84% of the planned humeral heads were within 1 diameter size; in addition, 98% of the planned glenoid implants were within one size and all were within 10 mm of the implanted glenoid backside radius. All nucleus implants were within one size. Discussion: Final implant sizes demonstrated variable concordance relative to preoperative plans, with glenoid implants having the highest accuracy and humeral heads having the highest variability. Multiple factors contributed to the varying concordances for the different implants, suggesting possible areas of improvement in this

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