No abstract

We conclude that SM can be used for research and patient follow-up in the clinic as a safe, reliable, quick, and easy to use method with no side effects although it cannot be the only factor to consider when determining the treatment plan of AIS patients.

The study demonstrated that children with OBPP have a poorer HRQL than their healthy peers. Side of injury, limitations in shoulder flexion, shoulder internal rotation, elbow flexion, elbow extension, and forearm supination were important factors affecting the HRQL of the children. The health concepts and factors discussed in the study can guide clinicians aiming to improve QoL of children with OBPP.

The results of this study revealed that mothers of children with OBPP have poor QOL compared with mothers of healthy children. The limitation in elbow joint movements was found to be important for the mothers. The strongest impact of the illness is on the emotional reactions and social isolation of the mothers. Professionals involved in the care of children with OBPP should also help parents to cope with the burden of caregiving.

Hamstring strain injuries are one of the most common non-contact injuries in sports and have a high recurrence rate that can cause result in time away from competition or impaired performance on return to competition for athletes. 1,2 The causes of the hamstring strain injuries are multifactorial. It is believed that general muscle properties, including passive viscoelastic parameters (muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness), help to avoid injuries and overtraining. 3 Each viscoelastic parameter plays an important role for enhancing muscular performance (including improving running speed, jumping) and reducing the onset of fatigue and risk for injury or recurrence. 4-6 Furthermore, they are also valuable in clinical use to evaluate treatment efficacy and progression of the symptoms. 3 The mechanical properties of muscles are described by their viscoelasticity when skeletal muscles are in a steady-state condition with no voluntary contraction. 7 Muscle tone is generated actively by the nervous system and passively by the muscle's intrinsic viscoelastic properties. The intrinsic aspects of muscle tone comprise passive stiffness and the inherent mechanical properties of the tissues. 7 Muscle elasticity represents the ability of the muscle to recover its initial shape after a contraction

Level IV.

No abstract

The architectural features of the hamstring muscle group are important to prevent injury or to reduce the risk of re-injury. Besides, eccentric training is often used in the rehabilitation of hamstring injuries. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the changes created by eccentric training on hamstring muscle architecture and to determine the minimal values of training duration and intensity for requiring functional changes. The research was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, COCHRANE, CINAHL, and Pedro databases. Full-text studies examining the effect of eccentric training on at least one parameter of the hamstring muscle architecture were included in the review. Studies on cadavers and animals and studies involving different types of training combined with eccentric training were excluded. Twelve of the 7954 studies met the set criteria. According to the results, eccentric training undoubtedly increases fiber length. However, the pennation angle tends to decrease. On the other hand, muscle thickness and cross-sectional area tends to increase depending on the eccentric training. Although the frequency, number of sets and number of repetitions in sets were similar in the examined studies, muscle architecture changes were different. We think that eccentric training duration and the number of repetitions in total or per training session seem to have an impact on muscle architecture. In order to determine the minimal eccentric training program that can create these changes, quality research is needed to examine the duration, intensity and methods of eccentric training.