3′,5′-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a key second messenger that regulates function of proteins involved in ion homeostasis and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Over the last decade, it has been increasingly appreciated that cAMP conveys its numerous effects by acting in discrete subcellular compartments or “microdomains.” In this mini review, we describe how such localized signals can be visualized in living cardiomyocytes to better understand cardiac physiology and disease. Special focus is made on targeted biosensors that can be used to resolve second messenger signals within nanometers of cardiac ion channels and transporters. Potential directions for future research and the translational importance of cAMP compartmentalization are discussed.
In this work we reviewed the key antimitochondrial and antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cholangitis -an autoimmune cholestatic disorder with destruction of intralobular biliary ductules. Since the discovery of antibodies to PDC-E2 component of cholangiocyte mitochondrial membrane, more than 60 antimitochindrial and antinuclear antibodies against various cellular components of cholangiocytes have been described to date, which have primary diagnostic and clinical value in identifying the disease progression and prognosis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.