Our first results suggested that (177)Lu-PSMA-617 therapy seems to be a safe method. The dose-limiting organ seems to be the parotid glands rather than kidneys and bone marrow. The lesion radiation doses are within acceptable ranges; however, there is a substantial individual variance so patient dosimetry seems to be mandatory.

Objective:The aim of the study was to estimate the radiation-absorbed doses and to study the in vivo and in vitro stability as well as pharmacokinetic characteristics of lutetium-177 (Lu-177) prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-617.Methods:For this purpose, 7 patients who underwent Lu-177-PSMA therapy were included into the study. The injected Lu-177-PSMA-617 activity ranged from 3.6 to 7.4 GBq with a mean of 5.2±1.8 GBq. The stability of radiotracer in saline was calculated up to 48 h. The stability was also calculated in blood and urine samples. Post-therapeutic dosimetry was performed based on whole body and single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) scans on dual-headed SPECT/CT system.Results:The radiochemical yield of Lu-177-PSMA-617 was >99%. It remained stable in saline up to 48 h. Analyses of the blood and urine samples showed a single radioactivity peak even at 24 hours after injection. Half-life of the distribution and elimination phases were calculated to be 0.16±0.09 and 10.8±2.5 hours, respectively. The mean excretion rate was 56.5±8.8% ranging from 41.5% to 65.4% at 24 h. Highest radiation estimated doses were calculated for parotid glands and kidneys (1.90±1.19 and 0.82±0.25 Gy/GBq respectively). Radiation dose given to the bone marrow was significantly lower than those of kidney and parotid glands (p<0.05) (0.030±0.008 Gy/GBq).Conclusion:Lu-177-PSMA-617 is a highly stable compound both in vitro and in vivo. Lu-177-PSMA-617 therapy seems to be a safe method for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. The fractionation regime that enables the longest duration of tumor control and/or survival will have to be developed in further studies.

Lu-DOTATATE therapy is an important treatment option in somatostatin receptor type-2-positive pancreatic, nonpancreatic gastroenteropancreatic-NETs, and lung NETs including metastatic NETs with an unknown primary site and significantly contributed to patients' OS. Additionally, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy may have a role in a selected subgroup of patients with grade III NET with high somatostatin receptor type-2 expression.

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Interventional radiologists should measure patient doses for their examinations. If there is a lack of necessary instrumentation for this purpose, then published dose reports should be used in order to predict the dose levels from some of the exposure parameters. Patient dose information should include not only the measured quantity but also the measured radiation output of the X-ray unit and exposure parameters used during radiographic and fluoroscopic exposures.

In this study, effects of radiologists' skill and experience on patient doses were investigated. Dose-area product and entrance surface doses of two groups of patients, one examined by a number of junior radiologists and another one by a senior radiologist, have been compared for the diagnostic interventional examinations of cerebral and lower limbs. Collimation of the X-ray beam and shortening the fluoroscopy times by the senior radiologist considerably reduced the patient doses for interventional cerebral examinations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dental implant materials with different physical densities on dose distribution for head and neck cancer radiotherapy planning. Methods: Titanium (Ti), Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), Zirconia (Y-TZP), Zirconium oxide (ZrO 2), Alumina (Al 2 O 3) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) dental implant materials were used for determination of implant material effect on dose distribution. Dental implant effect was investigated by using pencil beam convolution (PBC) algorithm of Eclipse treatment planning systems (TPS) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique. 6 MV photon beam of the Varian 2300 C/D linear accelerator was simulated by EGSnrc-based BEAMnrc MC code system. Results: Reasonable consistency was determined for percentage depth dose (PDD) curves between MC simulation and water phantom measurements at 6.4 MeV initial electron energy. The consistency between modelled linear accelerator PDD curve calculations and waterphantom PDD measurements were compatible within 1 % range. The dose increase in front of the dental implant calculated by MC simulation is in the range of 0.4-20.2%. We found by MC and PBC calculations that the differences in dose increase in front of the dental implant materials is in the range of 0.1-17.2% and is dependent on the physical density of the dental implant. conclusions: Dose increase for Zirconia was noted to be maximum while PEEK implant dose increase was minimum among the whole dental implant materials studied. This study revealed that the Eclipse TPS PBC algorithm could not accurately estimate the backscatter radiation from dental implant materials.

The accuracy of two on line dosimetric techniques was investigated for the estimation of cardiologist doses. The first technique involves the establishment of a database relating the cardiologist extremity doses to patient DAP values. Doses of nine cardiologists were measured together with patient doses during the interventional cardiac examinations of 166 patients for this purpose. Data were collected from five cardiology departments. The mean of the eye, thyroid, waist, right-left wrist, and right-left leg doses per procedure were measured as 72.4 (31.6-107.1), 68.5 (13.3-174.6), 11.2 (0.9-28.4), 67.8 (21.9-120.3) to 216 (52.7-425.4), and 137 (51.4-386.2) to 384 (135-1168.3) microGy/procedure. The effective doses were calculated according to the use of protection tools and a mean value of 12.14 (1.2-30.2) microSv/procedure was found. The ratios of staff dose to patient DAP were found to be within the range of 0.14-3.75 for each procedure. In the second method, cardiologist doses were calculated and compared with the measured values. Scatter doses were measured at the positions of cardiologists from Rando phantom exposures using similar conditions with patient procedures for this purpose. The parameters obtained from these exposures and patient examinations were used to calculate the doses to cardiologists.