Background: Better and more rapid tests are needed for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE), given the known limitations of conventional diagnostic tests. Objectives: To estimate diagnostic accuracy of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test (and its components) using data-derived cutoffs in pleural fluid. Methods: The QFT-GIT test was performed on whole blood and pleural fluid from 43 patients with TPE and 29 control subjects (non-TPE). To achieve the objective, QFT-GIT test, estimating likelihood ratios and receiver operating curve analysis were performed. Results: The sensitivity and specificity using the QFT-GIT for the diagnosis of TPE were 48.8% and 79.3%, respectively, in pleural fluid. The best cutoff points for tuberculosis (TB) antigen, nil and TB antigen minus nil results were estimated at 0.70, 0.90 and 0.30 IU/ml, respectively. Area under the curve of TB antigen IFN-γ response was 0.86 (CI: 0.76–0.93), nil tube was 0.80 (CI: 0.69–0.89) and TB antigen minus nil tube was 0.82 (CI: 0.72–0.90). When the best cutoff scores of the nil tubes were set at this value, the results of a likelihood ratio of a positive and a negative test were 9.44 (7.4–12.0) and 0.37 (0.09–1.5), respectively. The percentages of indeterminate results in pleural fluid among the TPE cases were 42% (most of them caused by high nil IFN-γ values) using the QFT-GIT test. Conclusion: QFT-GIT test or its components have poor accuracy in the diagnosis of TPE, largely because of a high number of indeterminate results due to high background IFN-γ production in the TPE.

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The incidence and types of tinea capitis in 234 children aged 1-12 referred to our laboratory with a preliminary diagnosis of tinea capitis infection in the past 5 years were investigated. Tinea capitis was determined in 149 (63.7%) of these patients, of which agents grew in culture in 124 (83.2%). The most frequently isolated agents, in order of frequency, are as follows: Trichophyton violaceum (43.6%), Microsporum canis (37.9%), T. mentagrophytes (8.1%) and T. verrucosum (4.8%).

001). 1,246 (38 %) E.coli strains were found to be ESBL-producers. None of ESBL-non-producers were resistant to fosfomycin while 5.7 % of producers were resistant (p < 0.001).According to these results, fosfomycin were accepted as a good alternative in the treatment of outpatients' urinary tract infections. Keywords: Escherichia coli, ESBL, fosfomycin, in vitro, microbial sensitivity tests, urinary tract infection GİRİŞÜriner sistem infeksiyonları tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de oldukça sık görülen önemli bir morbidite nedenidir (24,26) . Üriner sistem infeksiyonu sayısının; dünyada 150 milyon/yıl (4) , Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde 7 milyon/yıl (2,24) olduğu tahmin edilirken, ülke-mizde ise her yıl ortalama 5 milyon sistit atağı (12) görüldüğü bildirilmektedir. Hastaneden ve toplumdan kazanılmış üriner sistem infeksiyonları-na en sık (% 70-80) sebep olan mikroorganizma geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde de Escherichia coli'dir (23,24,28,29,32) . Üriner sistem infeksiyonu tedavisinde sık-lıkla kullanılan beta-laktam, beta-laktam/betalaktamaz inhibitör kombinasyonları, trimetoprim-sülfametoksazol, aminoglikozitler ve kino-

ÖZET Anahtar sözcükler: antibiyotik direnci, Citrobacter SUMMARY Antibiotic Resistance of Citrobacter Strains Isolated Between 2015 and 2017 Citrobacter is a group of bacteria that causes hospital-acquired infections mostly in newborn and immunosuppressed patients. The aim of this study to antibiotic resistance of Citrobacter strains isolated from clinical specimens between April 2015 and March 2017 as infection agents. 37 C.freundii and 35 other Citrobacter strains, totally 72 Citrobacter strains were isolated. When MIC values of isolates were taken into consideration altogether, rate of resistance were as follows : 99 % to ampicillin, 25 % to ceftazidime, 22 % to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and aztreonam, 15 % to ciprofloxacin, 11 % to piperasillin/ tazobactam and gentamisin, 10 % to cefepime, % 1 to meropenem and % 0 to amikacin, amikacin and meropenem are determined

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PurposeThe objective of this study was to determine Salmonella prevalence, antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes, and their genetic relatedness in frozen organic chicken collected at retail level in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachRetail packs (n = 348) of cut-up chicken parts (breast, leg quarter and drumstick) and whole chicken carcasses were purchased from a central hypermarket in Diyarbakir (Southeast Anatolia Region in Turkey) and from a large online retailer in Turkey. The retail packs were paired by part type, brand, production date, and sell-by date. The chicken samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp., and then isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility, class I integron, and genetic similarity.FindingsSalmonella prevalence in retail frozen organic chicken samples was 6.3 percent; however, the prevalence by parts, leg quarter, drumstick, breast, and whole chicken was 2.1 percent, 10.4 percent, 10.4 percent, and 0 percent, respectively. Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher in samples obtained from the hypermarket (9.2 percent) compared to online retailer (3.8 percent). All the isolates were serotype Infantis, genetically similar (highly clonal), and 68.2 percent harbored class I integron. All isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (drug of choice to treat salmonellosis in human), and 86.3 percent of the isolates were multidrug-resistant.Originality/valueSalmonella prevalence in organic chicken meat, regardless of the retail market source in Turkey, may pose a health risk to consumers especially with the high prevalence of multi-drug resistant phenotypes. Findings inform researchers and the public about the safety of organically produced chicken and the potential health risk to consumers.

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