The increasing number of learner failure rates are alarming in online distance learning. Previous studies have identified the factors that have contributed to online distance learning students' failure as lack of time and lack of motivation. The purpose of this study is to develop a direct effect understanding of extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy and time management on students' academic performance in an online distance learning institution in Malaysia. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to analyse the casual relationships between independent variables and dependent variables. The model was developed and later tested by adopting the Partial Least Square (PLS) procedure on data collected from a survey that yielded 210 usable questionnaires. The findings showed that extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy and time management have a significant and positive influence on students' academic performance in an online distance learning institution. The findings imply that the relationship amongst extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy and time management on a student's academic performance in an online distance learning institution will lead to the online distance learning institution's low attrition rate. This study uses SmartPLS 2.0 and SPSS 18.0 to test the hypothesis and analyse respondents' profile, respectively.
Since 2000, public and private higher education institutions systems in Malaysia are promoted to meet the nation’s needs. Consequently, restructuring the public university system took place in 2005 through the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010). Under the new structure, the system differentiates between the types of universities in Malaysia, including research, comprehensive, specialised, and technical universities. The new structure offers a strong answer to students’ diverse complexity of skills and attention and permits the best use of faculty with different skills subject to specific objectives. The higher education system in Malaysia responds to globalisation, marketing, and the information economy similar to other developing countries. This impact of the new initiative can be seen from the increment of the enrolment, combination of universities, better process in administration, the growth of private colleges and universities has been supported and all aspects of academic programmes that have been widened to cater the demands from the markets. Currently, in Malaysia, there are 20 public universities, 51 private universities and 10 foreign university branch campuses; 37 private university colleges and 338 private colleges. This growth and changes have made Malaysia into an education hub, especially in South East Asia. One of the issues concerned is the governance structure and framework applicable to these higher educational institutions. This paper deliberates on the theories and models of corporate governance and examines the governance structures and framework suitable and applicable to higher educational institutions. The research methodologies adopted by this paper are doctrinal and document analysis.
Sustainability development practices currently is a pressing issue in many organizations and are gaining wide attention across the words. This study aims to evaluate the direct and indirect relationships among leadership style, organizational commitment, intention, and adoption of sustainable development practices among employees of distance learning higher education institutions in Malaysia. Presently, in Malaysia, the adoption of sustainable development practices among online distance learning higher education institutions is still at not very encouraging level and much improvement needs to be done to increase the level of adoption. In this study, primary data was employed and a survey questionnaire, which was adapted from previous research studies, was utilized for data gathering. The data analysis involved 392 clean data which was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Firstly, the measurement model was evaluated to determine the convergent validity by examining the construct reliability and validity. The discriminant validity was then assessed and verified using cross-loading and Hetrotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratios. The structural model was then evaluated and the hypothesis testing indicated that leadership style and organizational commitment have a significant positive direct relationship with intention and adoption. Further, intention significantly mediates the relationship between leadership style and
utilized primary data collected through a survey questionnaire adapted from previous research studies. The data analysis involved 392 clean data points and employed structural equation modeling. The measurement model was assessed to establish convergent validity by examining construct reliability and validity. Discriminant validity was verified through cross-loading and Hetrotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratios. The structural model was then evaluated, and the results confirmed significant positive direct relationships between attitude, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and intention. Additionally, intention was found to have a positive and significant relationship with adoption. Furthermore, the study revealed that intention significantly mediates the relationship between perceived behavioral control and adoption. These findings provide insights and suggest strategies to enhance the adoption of sustainable development practices in the context of online distance learning higher education institutions. For future studies, researchers should consider exploring the potential moderating effects of individual characteristics, such as prior knowledge, self-efficacy, and environmental awareness, on the relationship between attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and adoption.
This study examines the implementation of sustainable development practices among employees in online distance-learning higher education institutions. It investigates the underlying principles of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and its application in comprehending the factors that impact sustainable behavior. The study assesses the direct and indirect correlations among variables of leadership styles, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, organizational commitment, intention, and the adoption of sustainable practices. The research sample comprises 392 individuals who participated by completing a survey questionnaire. Employing a causal-effect relationship design, the study employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as the analytical technique. The results indicate that individual aspects, specifically attitudes and perceived behavioral control, significantly influence the intention to embrace sustainable practices. Additionally, the study emphasizes the influential role of organizational commitment and leadership styles in fostering sustainable behavior. It underscores the significance of cultivating a supportive social environment that reinforces sustainable norms and behaviors. The provision of resources,
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