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Using nucleotide sequencing-based genotyping, we conducted a case-control study to examine cervical cancer risk associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in a Japanese population. A consensus primer pair was used to amplify DNA from the L1 region of HPV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By PCR, 311 of 356 patients with cervical cancer and 333 of 3249 control individuals were positive for HPV. By the direct sequencing of PCR products, nucleotide sequences of 30 genotypes were obtained. A high incidence of type 52 and a low incidence of type 16 were characteristic of the control group. Odds ratios were estimated for 18 genotypes. Types 71, 90, and 91, previously uncharacterized, were classified as low-risk genotypes, which is consistent with predictions made on the basis of phylogeny. The present study is the first large case-control study of its kind to use nucleotide sequencing-based genotyping.

There have been no large-scale epidemiological studies of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution of common warts in Japan. A total of 213 patients with common warts (104 males and 109 females) in Japan were studied to detect HPV genotype distribution by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing analysis. The results were as follows: 94 HPV-1a (44.1%), 35 HPV-4 (16.4%), 30 HPV-65 (14.1%), 13 HPV-27 (6.1%), 13 HPV-2a (6.1%), 9 HPV-57b (4.22%), 3 HPV-16 (1.41%), 2 HPV-6a (0.94%), 2 HPV-63 (0.94%), and 1 case for each of HPV-3, -5, -5b, -7, -10, -21, -29, -47, -56, -57, -62, and -92 (0.47%, respectively). Four cases (1.88%) were found in which two different HPV types were detected within the lesions: one case of HPV-1a with HPV-16, one case of HPV-1a with HPV-65, one case of HPV-6a with HPV-8, and one case of HPV-65 with HPV-16. There were seven cases of mucosal types (3.3%), that is, two HPV-6a, three HPV-16, one HPV-56, and one HPV-62, and three cases of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)-related types (1.41%), that is, one HPV-5, one HPV-5b (both of which belonged to a high-risk group), and one HPV-47 (which belonged to a low-risk group). To date, this is the largest sequencing-based study of HPV for common warts in Japan. It is said that common warts are induced predominantly by HPV-2, -27, and -57 in European population. However, the present results showed that in Japan they were induced mostly by HPV-1, -4, and -65. This suggests that regional differences in HPV genotype distribution may exist between European and Japanese populations.

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