Bioethanol characteristics can be used as an alternative fuel to spark-ignition (SI) engines to reduce emissions. This experiment evaluates the production of emissions for SI engines using hydrogen enrichment in the gasoline-bioethanol fuel blends. The fraction of bioethanol fuel blend was added to the gasoline fuel of 10% by volume and hydrogen fuel produced by the electrolysis process with a dry cell electrolyzer. The NaOH was used as an electrolyte which is dissolved in water of 5% by a mass fraction. The test is conducted using a single-cylinder 155cc gasoline engine with sensors and an interface connected to a computer to control loading and record all sensor variables in real-time. Hydrogen produced from the electrolysis reactor is injected through the intake manifold using two injectors, hydrogen injected simultaneously at a specific time with a gasoline-bioethanol fuel. The test was conducted with variations of engine speeds. The emission product of ethanol--H2 (BE10+H2) was an excellent candidate as a new alternative of fuel solution in the future. The engasolinerichment of hydrogen increased the flame speed and generated a stable combustion reaction. The hydrogen enrichment produced CO2 emission due to the unavailability of carbon content in hydrogen fuel. As a result, the C/H ratio is lower than for mixed fuels.
This study examines the concept of “Reduction Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation” - REDD costs by using the existence costs of Boucher (2008) such as opportunity costs, transaction costs, implementation costs, stabilization costs, and administration costs. In addition, it provides some actual issues of REDD. The study proves that global simulation models yield far higher REDD prices than empirical models, however, they can be criticized for their use of aggregated data and other simplifications. Moreover, adding implementation, administration, stabilization costs into transaction costs could potentially lead to double-counting problem. Finally, REDD is an inexpensive option compared to reducing emissions in the energy sectors of industrialized countries and has a potential to generate substantial benefits in addition to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, it is important for countries to manage these issues that can be potentially defect REDD adoption.
A vast number of people use the internet on a regular basis. The growing number of users will inadvertently bring new issues for both users and administrators as user managers. Users forget their user accounts and passwords when they have too many accounts to surf the internet. Web-based application services at University of Technology Yogyakarta include the Academic Information System (SIA) and E-Learning without exception. Both have the same issue: figuring out how to establish an authentication mechanism that will prevent users from forgetting their accounts on the system. The goal of this research is to create a prototype using Single Sign On (SSO) and compare the performance of the two SSO protocols utilized, OpenID and OAuth. The Explicate Problem, Define Requirements, Design and Develop Artifact, Demonstrate Artifact, Evaluate Artifact, and Communication processes are all part of this study. The results of prototype testing are obtained by attempting to log in using an academic service system account, and users are not required to login/authenticate again while accessing the e-learning page. Performance studies on both protocols revealed that the highest number of users who could login to the system at the same time was 1230 (OpenID) and 1219 (OAuth). In comparison to the OpenID protocol, the OAuth protocol is more consistent in terms of average response time for handling user requests. A greater specification is also required to suit the demands of additional users.
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi bahwa kemampuan membaca reading for reference siswa kelas VII-1 SMP Muhammadiyah Palangka Raya berada dikisaran nilai 0-40 dengan rerata 7 pada rentang 0-100 dan tanpa satupun siswa yag mencapai KKM. Olehkarena itu diupayakan agar kemampuan reading for reference siswa tersebut meningkat dengan menggunakan teknik inference. Dalam penelitian ini inference disebut juga dengan istilah inferensi. Sedangkan prosesnya disebut inferring. Inference atau Inferensi atau inferring dapat berarti sebagai proses yang dilakukan pembaca untuk memahami makna yang tidak diungkapkan secara tersurat. Setelah dilaksanakan selama 2 (dua) siklus, hasil penelitian tindakan kelas ini menunjukan bahwa teknik inference dapat meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam membaca reading for reference dengan sangat baik. Peningkatan rerata secara individu dan klasikal menunjukan bahwa peningkatan rerata terendah secara individu terjadi sebesar 1,5 kali dari kemampuan awal dan tertinggi sebesar 8,5 kali lipat. Peningkatan rerata kemampuan secara klasikal juga terjadi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan rerata peningkatan kemampuan siswa setelah dua siklus menjcapai rerata 5 kali lipat. Peningkatan juga terjadi pada jumlah siswa yang mencapai atau melampaui KKM. Data menunjukan bahwa pada kemampuan awal tidak ada satupun siswa yang mencapai KKM atau 0 %. Pada siklus 1 meningkat menjadi 9,5 % (Sembilan koma lima persen) dan pada akhir siklus 2 jumlah siswa yang mencapai atau melampaui KKM sebanyak 60,9 %.(enam puluh koma sembilan persen). Ini menunjukan bahwa teknik inference cukup berhasil meningkatkan jumlah siwa dalam mencapai KKM
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the changing political orientation of Air Tiris, Kampar, Riau community towards Islamic political parties in general elections; to analyze the factors that influenced the political orientation of Air Tiris community in general elections; and to realize the political rights of the society including Air Tiris community. Design/methodology/approach The subject in this study is the political orientation of the Air Tiris community in the 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014 general elections with a period of research from 2009 to 2016. This qualitative research method consists of sources, data collection, informants, data collection techniques, data analysis and processing and writing systematics. Findings The results of the research indicate that there are three dominant factors affecting the change in the political orientation of the Air Tiris community towards Islamic political parties characterized by the deterioration of vote acquisition for Islamic political parties in Air Tiris village in 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014 general elections. The weakening of the link between religious identity and voting behaviour, as well as the weakening of political movement. The identification or loyalty of the santri community towards Islamic parties has faded. Originality/value The originality of this research lies in the analysis of the political orientation of Air Tiris, Kampar, Riau community, in general, elections towards Islamic political parties. Traditionally, this community has more political orientation on religious/Islamic political parties but such orientation experiences developments and changes that lead to non-Islamic parties. This research contains new information about the analysis of the political orientation of Air Tiris, Kampar, Riau community in the general election of Islamic political parties.
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