The cause of dissatisfaction after implantation of a multifocal IOL can be identified and effective treatment measures taken in most cases.

No abstract

Dr. Bauer received study grants from Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, and Physiol S.A. and a lecture fee from Alcon Surgical, Inc. Dr. Nuijts is a consultant to Alcon Surgical, Inc., Théa Pharma GmbH, and ASICO LLC; he has received study grants from Acufocus, Inc., Alcon Surgical, Inc., Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Ophtec BV, and Physiol S.A. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Prediabetes, T2DM, and measures of hyperglycemia are independently associated with impaired microvascular function in the retina and skin. These findings support the concept that microvascular dysfunction precedes and thus may contribute to T2DM-associated cardiovascular disease and other complications, which may in part have a microvascular origin such as impaired cognition and heart failure.

This paper presents a method for retinal vasculature extraction based on biologically inspired multi-orientation analysis. We apply multi-orientation analysis via so-called invertible orientation scores, modeling the cortical columns in the visual system of higher mammals. This allows us to generically deal with many hitherto complex problems inherent to vessel tracking, such as crossings, bifurcations, parallel vessels, vessels of varying widths and vessels with high curvature. Our approach applies tracking in invertible orientation scores via a novel geometrical principle for curve optimization in the Euclidean motion group SE(2). The method runs fully automatically and provides a detailed model of the retinal vasculature, which is crucial as a sound basis for further quantitative analysis of the retina, especially in screening applications.

The reproducibility of the Lenstar was excellent. Small but significant differences exist between the Lenstar, Visante OCT and the IOLMaster. Therefore, measurements of the Lenstar, AS-OCT and IOLMaster are not interchangeable. Despite the significant difference between AL measurements, there is no clinically significant difference in the IOL power calculation results.

We measured the spectral reflectance of the fovea of ten normal subjects in four conditions, i.e. under dark-adapted and bleached conditions and at two retinal angles of incidence. The objective was to study optical pathways through the photoreceptor layer, resulting in a model that simultaneously explains spectral, directional and bleaching properties of the fovea. On theoretical grounds, we propose that small reflections from the stack of discs in the cone outer segments are the origin of the directional component of foveal reflection. Non-directional reflection occurs at the inner limiting membrane and at all layers posterior to the outer segments. With four reflectance spectra as input, the model allows determination of the density of the photostable absorbers, the lens, macular pigment, melanin and blood. Because of the simplified modeling of the layers posterior to the photoreceptor layer, the values for the density of melanin and blood are not necessarily comparable to physiological data. The density of the visual pigment calculated with this model is consistent with psychophysical data, with estimates for the ten subjects ranging from 0.41 to 0.80. The long wavelength sensitive cone fraction is calculated as 0.56.

This study indicates that compared with DSAEK, UT-DSAEK results in faster and better recovery of BSCVA with similar refractive outcomes, endothelial cell loss, and incidence of complications.