Chlorophylls (Chls, Chl a and Chl b) are tetrapyrrole molecules essential for photosynthetic light harvesting and energy transduction in plants. Once formed, Chls are noncovalently bound to photosynthetic proteins on the thylakoid membrane. In contrast, they are dismantled from photosystems in response to environmental changes or developmental processes; thus, they undergo interconversion, turnover, and degradation. In the last twenty years, fruitful research progress has been achieved on these Chl metabolic processes. The discovery of new metabolic pathways has been accompanied by the identification of enzymes associated with biochemical steps. This article reviews recent progress in the analysis of the Chl cycle, turnover and degradation pathways and the involved enzymes. In addition, open questions regarding these pathways that require further investigation are also suggested.

Over the past decade, oxidative stress was shown to be a key factor for various diseases. The term “antioxidant” also rapidly gained attention worldwide, viewed as beneficial in disease prevention. Resveratrol (RSV), a natural polyphenol, is a plant antitoxin formed in response to harmful environmental factors such as infection and injury. This antitoxin is found in grapes, strawberries, peanuts, or herbal medicines and exhibits many pharmacological effects involved in antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, and antioxidation stress mechanisms. Recently, numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that RSV harbors antioxidative stress properties and can be used as an antioxidant. Here, we review the free radical scavenging ability, antioxidant properties, signaling pathways, expression and regulation of antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress-related diseases associated with RSV.

Global warming is a serious challenge plant production has to face. Heat stress not only affects plant growth and development but also reduces crop yield and quality. Studying the response mechanisms of plants to heat stress will help humans use these mechanisms to improve the heat tolerance of plants, thereby reducing the harm of global warming to plant production. Research on plant heat tolerance has gradually become a hotspot in plant molecular biology research in recent years. In view of the special role of chloroplasts in the response to heat stress in plants, this review is focusing on three perspectives related to chloroplasts and their function in the response of heat stress in plants: the role of chloroplasts in sensing high temperatures, the transmission of heat signals, and the improvement of heat tolerance in plants. We also present our views on the future direction of research on chloroplast related heat tolerance in plants.

Edible fleshy fruits are important food sources in the human diet. Their yield and nutritional quality have long been considered as breeding targets for improvement. Various developing fleshy fruits with functional chloroplasts are capable of photosynthesis and contribute to fruit photosynthate, leading to the accumulation of metabolites associated with nutritional quality in ripe fruit. Although tomato high-pigment mutants with dark-green fruits have been isolated for more than 100 years, our understanding of the mechanism of chloroplast development in fleshy fruit remain poor. During the past few years, several transcription factors that regulate chloroplast development in fleshy fruit were identified through map-based cloning. In addition, substantial progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms that how these transcription factors regulate chloroplast development. This review provides a summary and update on this progress, with a framework for further investigations of the multifaceted and hierarchical regulation of chloroplast development in fleshy fruit.

Methodological variations and inconsistency in reporting practices pose considerable challenges to the interpretation and generalizability of outcomes derived from the habituation paradigm - one of the most prominent methods for studying infant cognition. In a systematic review, we map out experimental design choices in habituation study samples aged 0-18 months using looking time measures. 2,853 records published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000-2019 were extracted from PsycInfo and Web of Science. 785 (27.5%) papers were identified after screening (Fleiss kappa = .60, 95%, CI[.40 - .80], 6 blind raters). We adopt a collaborative, multi-lab approach for crowd-sourced data collection involving raters from the developmental research community. In a meta-analysis, we assess the impact of habituation detection criteria on the novelty effect size, moderated by age. Our results will inform a detailed evaluation of experimental designs and a set of specific guidelines to improve research and reporting practices in infant habituation research.

With the increasing impact of the Internet, the transformation of traditional retailers through Internet innovation has become a pressing issue. Based on the theory of innovation and marketing capability, this study investigated the relationships among adaptive marketing capability (AMC), Internet market newness, and innovation performance. The mediation effect of compromise on these relationships was also investigated. Through data analysis of 205 questionnaires in China, the current study confirmed that interaction between AMC and Internet market newness significantly affected innovation performance, and Internet market newness positively affected performance only when AMC was high. The results also demonstrated that compromise mediated the interaction with performance. AMC moderated not only the direct effects on performance by Internet market newness, but the effects on compromise by Internet market newness.

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