Traditional conductive fabrics are prepared by the synthesis of conductive polymers and the coating modification of metals or carbon black conductive materials. However, the conductive fabrics cause a significant decline in performance after washing or mechanical wear, which limits their application. Moreover, the single function of the traditional conductive fabric is also the reason that limits its wide application. In order to prepare a wearable, stable, high-performance, washable, multifunctional conductive fabric, we have carried out related research. In this work, polydopamine was used as a bonding layer, an adsorption reduction layer, and a protective layer to improve the bonding between silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the polyester fabric surface so as to prepare a multifunctional conductive fabric with a high-stability "sandwich" structure, in which a Ag-NPS@CNT structure acting as an intermediate conductive layer formed on the inner layer PDA@CNT by electroless silver plating and the outermost layer PDA@ CNT coated on the surface of the intermediate conductive layer by the impregnation-drying method. The sheet resistance of an E-Fabric can reach 2.11 Ω/□ due to the uniform and dense conductive path formed by the special structure Ag-NPs@CNT. At a low voltage of 1.5 V, the E-Fabric can reach 117 °C in 50 s and remain stable. The electrical conductivity and current heating properties of the E-Fabric remain good even after multiple washing or bending tests. Due to its stable and outstanding electrical conductivity, the E-Fabric has an electromagnetic shielding efficiency (SE T ) of 35.3 dB in the X-band (8.2−12.4 GHz). In addition, E-Fabricbased spin-coated poly(methyl methacrylate) or polydimethylsiloxane electrodes exhibit excellent performance in nanogenerators. Through the low-frequency friction of the human body, transient voltages up to 4 V can be generated from a 2 cm × 2 cm electrode sample. The output power of a single generator can reach about 12 nW/cm 2 . Therefore, an E-Fabric is considered to have great potential in the fields of electric heating, electromagnetic shielding, and smart wearable devices.
A B S T R A C TIn winter, cold cities have a severe shortage of water resources. Snow is a potential water resource, and the effective classification and recycling of snow is, therefore, significant for addressing the sustainable utilization of urban water resources in cities during the winter months. In this study, the water quality and pollutant composition of snow collected along a transect across a typical street were analyzed to develop an on-site treatment technique based on the classification of snow water. The levels of suspended substances, COD, salt, ammonia, and oil in snow from urban streets were relatively high. The salinity, conductivity, and chloride levels were also high due to the application of a snow-melting agent. Twenty-nine major pollutants were identified, and the oily substances were dominated by hexadecane accompanied by toxic substances such as BTEX and naphthalene. Snow can adsorb and receive pollutants from the streets, while becoming a carrier for pollutants. The underground space below city streets is proposed for establishing a snow-melting system. The snow meltwater may be directly discharged into double subsurface tanks if the concentration of suspended substances is less than 200 mg/L. A V-type filtering tank may be used if the concentration of suspended substances is greater than 200 mg/L. This method, which integrates city planning and municipal technology, accomplishes both the recycling and utilization of snow water, as well as the on-site treatment of pollutants.
2014) Study of a double subsurface snowwater utilization system for the melting of snow using the waste heat of urban sewage, Desalination and Water Treatment, 52:4-6, 1153-1162, A B S T R A C TThis study describes technology that melts snow using the waste heat of urban sewage and reclaims snowmelt on site using a double subsurface constructed snow-melting system, allowing the organic integration of snow utilization and landscape design in cities with long winters. This system highlights the thermal energy cycle, in which underground urban sewer pipes and the considerable amount of low-temperature waste heat that they contain are utilized along with a small-temperature-rise heat pump to ultimately melt snow. The temperature of sewage in the winter usually ranges from 4 to 10˚C in cities, representing a high-value resource that can be developed and utilized. In this system, an indirect heat exchanger heat pump, which uses sewage as its heat source, is employed, and the heat is exchanged between the sewage and intermediary water in the heat exchanger. This is followed by heat removal and the emission of radiation into a working substance in the condenser and evaporator, respectively. Then, the water temperature in the assemblies of the heat pipes is increased, thereby increasing the coefficient of performance (COP) to 10 and achieving the concentrated reuse of the distributed waste heat. The double subsurface snow-melting system consists of snow-melting wells and double subsurface tanks. The surface plant residues and frozen layer constitute a natural insulation layer to maintain the water-purification activity of the lower-layer, low-temperature anaerobes. The removed snow is dumped into the snow-melting wells by workers and heated by the hot grate and pipes on the sidewalls and at the bottom of the wells. The snowmelt water flows into the pretreatment tank and grill, and then, it enters the lower layer of the double subsurface tanks. The lower-layer gravel fills are colonized by low-temperature oligotrophic bacteria. The removal of samples for the analysis of BOD 5 , COD, and SS is efficient, and the quality of the output thereby satisfies the standards for municipal water use.
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