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The Sustainable City study of the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) uses an analytical-deliberative approach to generate integrated options for strategic, long-term urban development policies in the Netherlands. Scenarios for the sustainable city were designed using visions and roadmaps that were actively developed by actors involved in urban development and planning. The subsequent scenario analysis on potential, coherence and distributional effects across socio-economic groups was combined with the narratives from the stakeholder dialogues to develop model-based narratives. These model-based narratives indicate the necessity of extensive national and international policy choices in the fields of energy, transport and spatial planning for the ecological sustainability of cities. The local level emerges as crucial when it comes to social sustainability. A transition that would benefit sustainability on all dimensions may be reached when citizens and civic and private organizations start to value (more) aspects of urban design and development that contribute to and create a sustainable quality of life. Thus far, little attention has been paid to policy-relevant knowledge on the urgency and complexity of triggering any such transitions. Based on the lessons learnt from this study, it can be concluded that, in the follow-up to this study, issues crucial to urban sustainable development have to be made more specific and concrete and more attention is needed for technological, institutional and societal feasibility. Interaction with policy makers and other stakeholders is again crucial.Across the workshops, the stakeholder groups repeatedly and consistently stressed certain aspects of urban life, design and development as important preconditions or manifestations of urban sustainability. In our analyses of the stakeholder dialogues we focussed on these so-called storylines. In the workshops on urban health, the stakeholders emphasized the importance of a city environment that promotes more physical activity and is less dependent on individual car usage (Michiels van Kessenich and Leroy, 2009). In the liveability track on growth of cities, the stakeholders interpreted a sustainable city as an environment that promotes social cohesion, support and diversity. In the track on demographic shrinkage, the strengthening of the local economy and social networks by smart re-use of homes and space was emphasized. In the energy track, the stakeholders embraced the idea that the total energy demand of the city can be met through energy saving and local energy production using various renewable sources (Folkert 2009). The main storylines from the health (HE), liveability (LI) and energy (EN) tracks were combined into the following set of sustainability values.

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This paper examines the impact of the interplay between market forces and government policy on environmental equity in the vicinity of Amsterdam Airport in the Netherlands. Despite pressure on space and the presence of the international airport, exposure to the higher levels of traffic noise, NO2 and external safety risks, and accumulation of traffic noise and NO2 ('bads') was rather limited and generally distributed fairly equally among income categories, probably as a result of environmental regulations. However, lower-income categories had less access to lower levels of traffic noise, NO2 and public green space ('goods') than higher-income categories, which may be explained by both historical processes and market forces. Policy makers seem to accept a higher environmental burden on the regional population because of the benefits for the national economy generated by Amsterdam Airport.

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