In 1978, Comrey wrote a guide to factor analysis in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. This paper provides an update of the information given by Comrey in relation to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for work and ogvliutional psychologists, and particularly those involved with test development, interpretation and validation. In doing so, it offers a user's guide to contemporary methods and available techniques and introduces heuristics for dealing with problems of skew and kurtosis, social desirability response set, and factor naming. The basic factor model assumes that the observed variables reflect linear combinations of underlying factors. It is these fictors which are causal in creating the derived factor structure. They can take two forms. First, there are cmmon factors: those which are common to two or more observed variables but which can affect all observed variables. These can either be correlated or uncorrelated. Second, there are unique @tors which are s -c to each variable and orthogonal (i.e. statistically uncorrelated) to each other and to all common factors. The major goal of EFA is the identification of the minimum number of common factors required to reproduce the initial correlation or cmriance matrix. As such, factor analysis is different from principal components analysis. Principal components analysis identifies components on the basis of Absolute minimum number 100 to 200 Kline (1986); Comrey (1978) of subjects (N) Relative proportions of: between 2:l and 6:l Cattell (1978) variables to expected factors (plm ratio), and subjects to expected factors (Nlm ratio)Table 2: The type of heuristic, its range and advocates for producing a stable factor structure.

Objective. A global and systematic review of the available evidence examining the cost of work-related stress would yield important insights into the magnitude and nature of this social phenomenon. The objective of this systematic review was to collate, extract, review, and synthesize economic evaluations of the cost of work-related stress to society. Method.A research protocol was developed outlining the search strategy. Included cost-ofillness (COI) studies estimated the cost of work-related stress at a societal level, and were published in English, French or German. Searches were carried out in ingentaconnect, EBSCO, JSTOR, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Google and Google scholar. Included studies were assessed against ten COI quality assessment criteria.Results. Fifteen COI studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. These originated from Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the EU-15. At a national and pan-European level, the total estimated cost of work-related stress in 2014 was observed to be considerable and ranged substantially from US$221.13 million to $187 billion. Productivity related losses were observed to proportionally contribute the majority of the total cost of work-related stress (between 70 to 90%), with healthcare and medical costs constituting the remaining 10% to 30%. Conclusion.The evidence reviewed here suggests a sizeable financial burden imposed by work-related stress on society. The observed range of cost estimates across studies was understood to be attributable to variations in definitions of work-related stress; the number and type of costs estimated; and, in how production loss was estimated. It is postulated that the cost estimates identified by this review are likely conservative due to narrow definitions of work-related stress (WRS) and the exclusion of diverse range of cost components.2 Keywords: work-related stress; cost-of-illness study; society; burden of illness; systematic review 3 The Cost of Work-Related Stress to Society: A Systematic ReviewWork-related stress has become a major occupational risk factor in all industrialized countries, although comparatively less is known within many newly industrialized and developing countries (Kortum, Leka, & Cox, 2010). Much has been written about workrelated stress, and investigations conducted to examine and understand its associated human and organizational costs. However, much less attention has been paid to understanding the economic burden of this social and occupational phenomenon. Although small, this growing area of investigation attests to the substantial financial costs associated with psychosocial risks and work-related stress for organizations and national economies (Hoel, Sparks & Cooper, 2001;Sultan-Taïeb, Chastang, Mansouri & Niedhammer, 2013).For many in the field of Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) and beyond, such cost estimates are important (and often highly cited) sources of information. They are frequently used to illustr...

External genital warts (EGWs) are visible warts that occur in the perigenital and perianal regions. They are due primarily to non-oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types, usually types 6 and 11. Physical examination assisted by bright light and magnification is the recommended approach for primary diagnosis. Biopsy is indicated when EGWs are fixed to underlying structures or discolored or when standard therapies are not effective. Recurrences are common, and there is no single treatment that is superior to others. Among women with atypical squamous cells, molecular HPV testing may be useful in determining who should be referred for colposcopy. Condoms may provide some protection against HPV-related diseases and thus are recommended in new sexual relationships and when partnerships are not mutually monogamous. Because the efficacy of cesarean section in preventing vertical transmission of HPV infection from women with EGWs to their progeny has not been proved, it is not recommended.

Background: Prior studies on social capital and health have assessed social capital in residential neighbourhoods and communities, but the question whether the concept should also be applicable in workplaces has been raised. The present study reports on the psychometric properties of an 8-item measure of social capital at work.

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Psychosocial factors such as work characteristics, life events, social support, and personality were examined as predictors of the change in medically certified sickness absence observed during a period of severe economic decline. Longitudinal data, derived from self-reports and register-based information relating to 763 local government employees, were collected at 3 points during a 5-year period: before the economic decline, during the nadir of that decline, and immediately after the nadir. After the effects of prior absence and demographic and lifestyle variables had been partialed out, the results of multiple Poisson regression analyses showed that work characteristics play a major role in forthcoming sickness absences. Negative life events and the personality trait sense of coherence (in women) also predicted forthcoming absence rate. Social support did not relate to absences either in men or in women.

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Design.Five studies are reported. The rst two studies examine the factor structure of the ALE scale and confounding with social desirability (Ns = 260 and 344). Studies 3 and 4 examine the test-retest reliability of the ALE scale (Ns = 17 and 77). Finally, Study 5 examines the relationshipbetween the ALE scale and the other parameters of the stress process (personality, coping and health) across two separate stressful transactions (N = 268). Methods.A questionnaire methodology was used. The data were analysed using a mixture of exploratory factor analysis, con rmatory factor analysis and bivariate correlations.Results. The ALE scale demonstrated: (a) three stable factors (threat, challenge and loss), (b) no confounding with social desirability, (c) excellent internal and test-retest reliabilities, and (d ) theoretically appropriate associations with various stressors, coping behaviours, personality and health measures. Conclusions.