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A framework of policy development is presented that identifies the role various forms of knowledge can play in the policy formation process. The framework is based upon the premise that public health and health promotion issues should be addressed within an analysis of policy change that considers concepts of interactive and critical knowledge in addition to scientific knowledge. Progress in developing meaningful health policy will require accepting the validity of these various forms of knowledge and developing frameworks that see experts and citizens working together to develop and achieve public health and health promotion goals.

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Population health as developed by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIAR) has influenced the shape and direction of Canadian public health policy, and has the potential to do so in the USA and elsewhere. There is reason to be concerned about this ascendence of CIAR thinking: population health is rooted within epidemiology, a militantly quantitative discipline; population health eschews analysis of societal structures as determinants of health; and population health elevates scientific understanding over health promotion action. Its lack of an explicit values base is also problematic. Policy makers should recognize these and other limitations as they consider models for a new public health.

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