Diabetes prevalence and income: Results of the Canadian Community Health Survey

Socioeconomic factors associated with visual impairment and ophthalmic care utilization in patients with type II diabetes

“…42,43 A comprehensive primary care model has been suggested to enhance the effectiveness of primary care providers and degree of collaboration between primary care providers and eye care services providers. 44 Our finding that known clinical risk factors such as sex, age, and duration of diabetes are associated with visual impairment is in line with other epidemiologic studies, [45][46][47][48][49][50] which indirectly validates the other conclusions of the study. Well-established clinical evidence indicates that the risk for eye disease such as DR, glaucoma, and cataract increases in both prevalence and severity in older age groups.…”

“…In contrast, there is evidence from previous studies that health is generally influenced by income and is shaped over time by the SES imposed on individuals at different stages of life. 22,50 The greater prevalence of visual impairment in Ontario and British Columbia compared with Atlantic Canada is difficult to explain. Although we controlled for age, sex, income, and duration of diabetes, other factors not adequately controlled in our model might account for some of the difference, also called residual confounding.…”

Association between socioeconomic status and self-reported diabetes in India: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis

“…For example, strong associations have been observed between poverty, low education and type 2 diabetes among African–American women27 28 and among White women and men in the USA 29. Similarly, a study from Canada described an inversely graded SES–diabetes association with an OR of 1.9 for men (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6 to 2.4) and 2.8 (95% CI 2.2 to 3.4) for women for the lowest versus highest income groups 30. A recent meta-analysis of 23 case–control and cohort studies and 43 measures of SES–diabetes association revealed an overall increased risk for type 2 diabetes for low SES groups based on education, occupation and income 31.…”

Exploring the Economic Implications of a Group-Based Lifestyle Intervention for Middle-Aged Adults with Chronic Schizophrenia and Co-Morbid Type 2 Diabetes

“…People living in poverty had a 41% higher likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes [22,23]. Similarly, Diabetes UK [3] also reported that women in England in the most deprived areasare four times more likely to have diabetes than those who live in the most affluent area.…”