Environmental issues have become global issues. Environmental damage caused by human activities has entered an alarming stage, which is basically more due to the nescience of the community to protect the environment. This nescience is also triggered by the lack of individual understanding of the importance of protecting the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct environmental awareness activities to the community through counseling activities that take the Green Ethos theme. The target object of this counseling activity is junior high school students. The method used in this research is the description method, as an initial step to identify sources of information that form the understanding and environmental awareness possessed by the object of research. Data collection techniques used were using observation techniques and focus group discussions. The results show that the understanding and awareness of junior high school students in the city of Bandung tend to be formed from information obtained from friends, non-formal education, mass media, internet media, internet media, parents and teachers. However, there are a number of obstacles that become resistors for them to be able to actively participate in protecting the environment, among others are the availability of facilities such as a trash can that has been categorized, making it easier for students to dispose of waste according to their type, lack of available drinking water in public facilities to reduce the consumption of plastic beverage waste in packaging, as well as eating and drinking habits on the street or other public facilities which only provide minimal trash can

This study investigates spoken production of Indonesian L2 learners of Arabic examined by the frameworks of Local Impairment Hypothesis (LIH) and Missing Surface Inflectional Hypothesis (MSIH). Because the feature strength is absent from L2 learners, LIH claims that they will suffer from impairment at any stages of development. Accordingly, all participants will experience variability in the use of gender agreement. Conversely, MSIH predicts that such impairment L2 learners exhibit is superficial. Based on the view of MSIH, variability occurred in the inflectional surface feature system is because of mapping abstract features to the correct inflected forms. Thirty-two subjects who participated in this study were divided into two distinct groups: intermediate and advanced. Grammaticality Judgment Task was employed to collect the data of abstract knowledge of features, while Sentence Fragment Completion Task was utilised to elicit the use of surface inflected forms. Although the accuracy in the production of inflectional morphology was moderately low, the findings revealed that most subjects were aware of the grammatical features being examined in the study. Eventually, the findings confirm the framework of MSIH and were not in line with LIH claiming that the higher variability will occur in both tasks at any stage of development.

In this article, we discuss the function and position of penghulu in Java in the second decade of the nineteenth century. The object of this study is a manuscript from the British Library collection, coded Mss Eur D/742.1, ff. 155-166, that was issued by Thomas Stamford Raffles, the Lieutenant-Governor of Java, and Its Dependencies, on 11 February 1814. The manuscript actually regulates the general justice system. However, in this article, we will only discuss a number of rules that are directly related to the function and position of penghulu in the justice system. The paper will show that penghulu, in Raffles' regulation, was functioned as an expert to be presented to a court. He must expound about Islamic law or customary law related to cases that were being handled by the court. In fact, when it was first formed in the early days of the Demak Sultanate (1475-1554), the penghulu was a representative of the sultan and is held responsible for the implementation of the rules of Islam. Meanwhile, in the field of law, the penghulu was head of the court.

This study is aimed to find values of the meaning of life that written by Ajengan Mama Sempur in the Book of Campaka Dilaga. This study used a qualitative method with a literature study approach. The result of this study was found that the meaning of life of a Muslim can be found through the five values that exist in the five clauses and faidah’s chapters, namely: First clause, discussing the urge to work / work for Muslims. The second clause, discussing the prohibition of doing business or doing work that is prohibited by Islam. The third clause, discussing the obligation to establish good relations with neighbors. The fourth clause, discussing the obligation of Muslims to serve and obey the legitimate government. The fifth clause, discussing the rules of ushul fiqh preventing harm is better than bringing benefit. The conclusion of this research is that the meaning of life can be found in the Sufistic values of Mama Sempur and her thoughts about the value of community life in accordance with the current conditions so as to give birth to good character.

Teaching-learning of the Arabic language has emerged as vital in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. However, a lack of studies exists on measuring the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) of Arabic language teachers. Thus, this study explores Indonesian Arabic teachers' TPACK and provides a conceptualization that the elements of TPACK are not separate; rather, each element facilitates the sustenance of other elements. To achieve this objective, a quantitative research approach is undertaken using a validated and reliable questionnaire. Data is collected from 320 teachers (snowball sampling) using Google forms. The data analysis reflects the inter-relation of the elements of TPACK, with a satisfactory TPACK of the Indonesian Arabic teachers. Additional findings suggest that teachers use technology minimally in designing tasks or even assessments despite their strong technological background. Further studies are recommended to explore teachers' roles, teacher development programs, and religious motivation in achieving higher TPACK of Arabic language teaching.