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Increasing volatilities within power transmission and distribution force power grid operators to amplify their use of communication infrastructure to monitor and control their grid. The resulting increase in communication creates a larger attack surface for malicious actors. Indeed, cyber attacks on power grids have already succeeded in causing temporary, large-scale blackouts in the recent past. In this paper, we analyze the communication infrastructure of power grids to derive resulting fundamental challenges of power grids with respect to cybersecurity. Based on these challenges, we identify a broad set of resulting attack vectors and attack scenarios that threaten the security of power grids. To address these challenges, we propose to rely on a defense-in-depth strategy, which encompasses measures for (i) device and application security, (ii) network security, and (iii) physical security, as well as (iv) policies, procedures, and awareness. For each of these categories, we distill and discuss a comprehensive set of state-of-the art approaches, as well as identify further opportunities to strengthen cybersecurity in interconnected power grids.

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is usually a good thing, but conflicts about interpersonal or procedural issues can hurt a team. Groups can become more inhibited when tasks are complex or ambiguous, so create frequent opportunities for groups to meet and exchange information.• Be sure that groups structure their tasks to meet the project's goals.Ask teams to create a project plan that includes task analysis, task management, a timeline, and document management (be clear on your style and format expectations). The plan should divide the writing part of the project into equitable portions for all group members and make clear who will do what. For longer projects, teams can submit progress reports, which can be as simple as a single email, to keep in touch with you and each other.While it would be wonderful to address every desirable learning objective with one assignment, we've found that trying to make one project do all things is likely to result in its doing none of them well. But with careful planning, combining the report and the group assignments can bring rewarding results.

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