The present study investigated relations among parenting styles and emotion regulation, trait emotion, and general well-being among 153 emerging adults. Two path models were tested, finding that parenting styles contributed to multiple pathways to emotional regulation. As expected, not only did participants who reported high levels of authoritative parenting endorse high levels of positive emotion, they also reported lower levels of emotional control and emotional self-awareness. These low levels were, in turn, associated with emotional well-being. Permissive parenting positively predicted negative emotion. Because authoritarian parenting did not directly predict trait emotion, a closer examination was conducted, showing that outcomes associated with this parenting style depended upon self-reported emotional control and trait emotion. The findings suggest that the effects of authoritarian parenting depend upon the emotional climate established in the family, a factor that may help to explain variability in outcomes for children of authoritarian parents depending upon socioeconomic status and ethnicity.
This research investigated the hypothesis that intellectual competence is chronically accessible to individuals who question their own intellectual competence, despite their own uncertainty on this dimension, and that they rely on intellectual competence in forming impressions of and thinking about others. In two studies, we show that doubtful individuals are more likely to use traits related to intellectual competence to describe others and these traits more strongly affect their overall impressions of others. These findings support recent approaches to accessibility by showing that a self-relevant trait may be chronically accessible to an individual even in the face of uncertainty regarding one's standing on the trait. The findings also contribute to the understanding of the phenomenology of self-doubt.We suggest that people who are uncertain about their own intellect may be preoccupied with intellectual competence, including their own, and so intelligence is chronically accessible to individuals who are uncertain about their own competence. We find that this accessibility influences their perceptions of others. Understanding how chronic accessibility of intelligence shapes self-doubtful individuals' judgments is crucial to understanding the phenomenology of self-doubt, an issue that has not yet received much attention. Furthermore, finding chronic accessibility of self-relevant traits under conditions of uncertainty, where certainty and clarity have been the usual suspects to inspire chronic accessibility, extends what is known about accessibility of self-relevant traits in general and is a contribution to the social cognition literature more generally.
Category AccessibilityMore than half a century ago, Bruner (1957) argued that perceivers encode incoming information in terms of accessible categories. Since then, this idea has gained considerable empirical validation (see Higgins, 1996, for a review).
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