Although the health burden of shift work has not been extensively studied, evidence suggests that it may affect the metabolic balance and cause obesity and other metabolic disorders. Sleep deprivation, circadian desynchronization and behavioral changes in diet and physical activity are among the most commonly mentioned factors in studies of the association between night work and metabolic disorders. Individual adaptation to night work depends greatly on personal factors such as family and social life, but occupational interventions may also make a positive contribution to the transition to shift work, such as exposure to bright lights during the night shift, melatonin use, shift regularity and clockwise rotation, and dietary adaptations for the metabolic needs of night workers. The evaluation of the impact of night work on health and of the mechanisms underlying this relationship can serve as a basis for intervention strategies to minimize the health burden of shift work. This review aimed to identify highlights regarding therapeutic implications following the association between night and shift work and metabolic disorders, as well as the mechanisms and pathways responsible for these relationships.

Objective To investigate the association of coronary artery calcium score with all cause mortality and cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Data sources Studies were identified from Embase, PubMed, and abstracts from the 2011 and 2012 annual meetings of the American Diabetes Association, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, American College of Cardiology, and American Heart Association (2011).Eligibility criteria Prospective studies that evaluated baseline coronary artery calcium score in people with type 2 diabetes and subsequent all cause mortality or cardiovascular events (fatal and non-fatal). Data extractionTwo independent reviewers extracted the data. The predictive value of the coronary artery calcium score was assessed by random effects model. ResultsEight studies were included (n=6521; 802 events; mean follow-up 5.18 years). The relative risk for all cause mortality or cardiovascular events, or both comparing a total coronary artery calcium score of ≥10 with a score of <10 was 5.47 (95% confidence interval 2.59 to 11.53; I 2 =82.4%, P<0.001). The overall sensitivity of a total coronary artery calcium score of ≥10 for this composite outcome was 94% (95% confidence interval 89% to 96%), with a specificity of 34% (24% to 44%). The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 1.41 (95% confidence interval 1.20 to 1.66) and 0.18 (0.10 to 0.30), respectively. For people with a coronary artery calcium score of <10, the post-test probability of the composite outcome was about 1.8%, representing a 6.8-fold reduction from the pretest probability. Four studies evaluated cardiovascular events as the outcome (n=1805; 351 events). The relative risk for cardiovascular events comparing a total coronary artery calcium score of ≥10 with a score of <10 was 9.22 (2.73 to 31.07; I 2 =76.7%, P=0.005). The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 1.67 (1.30 to 2.17) and 0.11 (0.04 to 0.29), respectively. Computed tomography for measurement of calcium in the coronary arteries has been evaluated as a new non-invasive screening tool for predicting cardiovascular events. The coronary artery calcium score, which infers the presence of coronary atherosclerosis by measuring the amount of calcium in the coronary arteries, has been shown to predict the risk for cardiovascular events in large prospective studies. [3][4][5] It also has been shown to add predictive value to existing global risk scores; in particular, the coronary artery calcium score helps to reclassify people at intermediate risk to either low or high risk groups.6-8 However, some of these large prospective studies excluded people with type 2 diabetes from the primary analysis, 6 7 possibly because the condition itself confers an increased risk for cardiovascular events and hence is perceived as a unique patient population for prediction models. 9Although type 2 diabetes is associated with an overall increased risk of cardiovascular disease, considerable heterogene...

RESUMOOs efeitos positivos da fibra alimentar estão relacionados, em parte, ao fato de que uma parcela da fermentação de seus componentes ocorre no intestino grosso, o que produz impacto sobre a velocidade do trânsito intestinal, sobre o pH do cólon e sobre a produção de subprodutos com importante função fisiológica. Indivíduos com elevado consumo de fibras parecem apresentar menor risco para o desenvolvimento de doença coronariana, hipertensão, obesidade, diabetes e câncer de cólon. O aumento na ingestão de fibras reduz os níveis séricos de colesterol, melhora a glicemia em pacientes com diabetes, reduz o peso corporal e foi associado com menores níveis séricos de proteína C reativa ultrassensível. O maior consumo de fibras e a ingestão de mais fibras do que a atualmente recomendada (14 g/1.000 kcal) poderão trazer maior benefício à saúde, incluindo a redução de processos inflamatórios de baixo grau. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2013;57(6):397-405Descritores Fibras alimentares; doença crônica; inflamação ABSTRACTThe positive effects of dietary fiber are related, in part, to the fact that a portion of the fermentation of components takes place in the large intestine, which has an impact on the speed of digestion, pH of the colon, and production of by-products with important physiological functions. Individuals with high fiber intake seem to have lower risk of developing coronary artery disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and colon cancer. The increase in fiber intake reduces serum cholesterol, improves blood glucose in patients with diabetes, reduces body weight, and is associated with lower serum ultrasensitive C-reactive protein. Increased fiber intake and intake of more fiber than the currently recommended level (14 g/1,000 kcal) may provide greater health benefits, including reducing low-grade inflammation. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2013;57(6):397-405

Background: Obesity is associated with increased general mortality and comorbidities, it is multifactorial and some evidence has shown that sleep duration and shift work may be implicated in its pathogenesis. Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between shift work, quality of life and obesity among healthcare workers of a Brazilian University Hospital. Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed from April 2013 to December 2014 with 200 workers of a University Hospital. Sociodemographic data were evaluated and BREF WHOQOL was used for quality of life. The physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Chronotypes and daily sleep preference were investigated using Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). Venous blood was collected after 12-h of fasting for laboratory tests. Results:In this sample, the night shift workers had higher income and were older compared to day shift workers. Night shift workers sleep less hours, had higher weight, body mass index and abdominal circumference when compared to the day shift workers. Night shift workers had almost 3 times higher association with abdominal obesity independent of age and gender, than day shift workers. MCTQ parameters showed that night shift workers had lower sleep duration during working days and also during free days, associated with a higher level of social jetlag. Social jetlag had an association with obesity. We found no difference for quality of life between shifts. Conclusions:Night work was a risk factor for abdominal obesity, social jetlag was higher in night shift workers and it was associated with presence of obesity.

Introduction: There are several complications of the cardiovascular system caused by acromegaly, especially hypertension. Objectives: To evaluate hypertension characteristics in patients with cured/controlled acromegaly and with the active disease. Patients and methods: Cross-sectional study of the follow-up of forty-four patients with acromegaly submitted to clinical evaluation, laboratory tests and cardiac ultrasound. Patients with cured and controlled disease were evaluated as one group, and individuals with active disease as second one. Results: Forty-seven percent of the patients had active acromegaly, and these patients were younger and had lower blood pressure levels than subjects with controlled/cured disease. Hypertension was detected in 50% of patients. Subjects with active disease showed a positive correlation between IGF-1 and systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels (r = 0.48, p = 0.03; and r = 0.42, p = 0.07, respectively), and a positive correlation between IGF-1 and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rates. In patients with active disease, IGF-1 was a predictor of systolic blood pressure, although it was not independent of UAE rate. For individuals with cured/controlled disease, waist circumference and triglycerides were the predictors associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that blood pressure levels in patients with active acromegaly are very similar, and depend on excess GH. However, once the disease becomes controlled and IGF-1 levels decrease, their blood pressure levels will depend on the other cardiovascular risk factors. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(7):468-74

BackgroundHigher intake of dietary fiber is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease, the leading cause of mortality among people with type 1 diabetes. The protective effect includes the anti-inflammatory properties of some foods. Population-based studies have shown an inverse association between some nutritional habits and high sensitive -C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). This study aimed to ascertain the association between fiber intake and hs-CPR levels in patients with type 1 diabetes.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted with 106 outpatients with type 1 diabetes; age 40 ± 11 years; diabetes duration of 18 ± 8.8 years. Dietary intake was evaluated by 3-day weighed-diet records. Patients were categorized in 2 groups, according to fiber intake (>20 g/day and <20 g/day).ResultsThe group with fiber intake > 20 g/day had lower hs-CRP levels [median (25th-75th) 0.7 mg/dl (0.4-2.4) vs. 1.9 mg/dl (1.0-4.4); P = 0.002], than the other group. Controlled for HbA1c and energy intake, an inverse relation was observed between hs-CRP levels and total fiber [ß = − 0.030 (SE: 0.0120), P = 0.02], soluble fiber [ß = − 0.078 (SE: 0.0421), P = 0.06] and insoluble fiber [ß = − 0.039 (SE: 0.01761), P = 0.026]. Even, after additional adjustment fibers remained associated with lower hs-CRP levels. Total fibers were stratified in 4 groups: < 10 g/day, from 10 to < 20 g/day, from 20 to 30 g/day and > 30 g/day. Compared to the group who ingested < 10 g/day of total fiber (referent group), the group who consumed > 30 g/d had significantly lower hs-CRP levels [−2.45 mg/L, P = 0.012] independent of the HbA1c values.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that an increased consumption of dietary fiber > 30 g/day may play a role in reducing inflammation in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

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