This study uses the Wilcoxon's signed ranks test to identify the effect of the Covid‐19 outbreak on the stocks returns of companies listed on the West African Economic and Monetary Union's (WAEMU) stock market by considering two event dates (January 23, 2020 and March 2, 2020). To account for the temporal volatility in the event approach, the study resort to a GARCH model. Empirical findings suggest that January 23, 2020 event (first case of death due to Covid‐19 in China) have had a minor impact on the WAEMU stock market while the event on March 2, 2020 (first case of Covid‐19 in the WAEMU) strongly affected the financial market. This negative impact is much more pronounced for the distribution sectors (−34.16%). Robustness analysis reveals that the main information leading to disruption on the market is the weekly death cases and not the confirmed cases. In addition, government anti‐Covid‐19 measures such as social distancing and governance positively affect the stock return whereas lockdown, public health measures and movement restrictions contribute to a decline in the stock's price.

Many developing countries are experiencing high population growth rates (an average of 2.7%). The increase in their respective populations leads to an increase in the need for drinking water. However, governments fail to provide the population with sufficient hydraulic infrastructure in terms of quality and quantity, with regard to the various priorities. In such situations, households take individual initiatives. However, the weakness of the available means may be a significant obstacle. This article seeks to identify the factors that determine the choice of household water sources in West African countries by putting an emphasis on the role of wealth. The study covers four countries, Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana and Nigeria, and uses data from 28,444 observations from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and statistics agencies of the four countries being studied. When applied to the adjusted logit model, the data reveal that the higher the household wealth, the greater the chance of using piped water. There are also other factors, such as household size, the number of women and children, and the level of education that also determine the choice of water sources. These results suggest that governments need to increase their efforts to reduce inequalities between rural and urban areas in terms of improved access to drinking water and introduce a subsidy or fee policy to enable poor households to have adequate access to drinking water.

Le présent travail repose sur des données primaires issues d'enquêtes réalisées auprès de 150 ménages ruraux de la commune de Koudougou. Cet article cherche à expliquer les choix des ménages ruraux en matière d'approvisionnement en eau potable au Burkina Faso. Dans la zone d'étude, 52,38 % des sources d'eau sont potables contre 47,62 % non potables. L'estimation du modèle probit bivarié a révélé que des facteurs tels que le temps d'approvisionnement, la perception sur la qualité de la source d'eau et le fait qu'un membre du ménage ait été victime de maladie liée à l'eau sont les principaux déterminants du choix d'approvisionnement. De ce fait, des politiques visant l'augmentation des ouvrages hydrauliques modernes, du contrôle de la qualité de l'eau et de la sensibilisation des ménages sur les risques sanitaires sont à encourager. MOTS-CLÉS : approvisionnement en eau, ménage, probit bivarié, Koudougou, Burkina Faso Determinants of drinking water supply choice for rural households in the commune of Koudougou in Burkina FasoThis research relies on primary data collected through a survey of 150 households in the rural commune of Koudougou. In this investigation, we seek to explain rural households' choices with respect to drinking water supply in Burkina Faso. In the study area, 52.38% of water sources are drinkable compared to 47.62% that are non-drinkable. The bivariate probit model estimates reveal that factors such as water supply time, the perception of the quality of the water source, and the fact that a member of the household has already been the victim of disease related to water are the main determinants of the supply choice. These findings encourage the implementation of policies that aim to increase modern hydraulic infrastructure, the control of water quality, and households' awareness of health risks.

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