α-RuCl_{3} is a leading candidate material for the observation of physics related to the Kitaev quantum spin liquid (QSL). By combined susceptibility, specific-heat, and nuclear-magnetic-resonance measurements, we demonstrate that α-RuCl_{3} undergoes a quantum phase transition to a QSL in a magnetic field of 7.5 T applied in the ab plane. We show further that this high-field QSL phase has gapless spin excitations over a field range up to 16 T. This highly unconventional result, unknown in either Heisenberg or Kitaev magnets, offers insight essential to establishing the physics of α-RuCl_{3}.
Although much is known about the responses of model plants to microbial features, we still lack an understanding of the extent of variation in immune perception across members of a plant family. In this work, we analyzed immune responses in Citrus and wild relatives, surveying 86 Rutaceae genotypes with differing leaf morphologies and disease resistances. We found that responses to microbial features vary both within and between members. Species in two subtribes, the Balsamocitrinae and Clauseninae, can recognize flagellin (flg22), cold shock protein (csp22) and chitin, including one feature from Candidatus Liberibacter species (csp22CLas), the bacterium associated with Huanglongbing. We investigated differences at the receptor level for the flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) and the chitin receptor LYSIN MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE 5 (LYK5) in citrus genotypes. We characterized two genetically linked FLS2 homologs from ‘Frost Lisbon’ lemon (Citrus ×limon, responsive) and ‘Washington navel’ orange (Citrus ×aurantium, non-responsive). Surprisingly, FLS2 homologs from responsive and non-responsive genotypes were expressed in Citrus and functional when transferred to a heterologous system. ‘Washington navel’ orange weakly responded to chitin, whereas ‘Tango’ mandarin (Citrus ×aurantium) exhibited a robust response. LYK5 alleles were identical or nearly identical between the two genotypes and complemented the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) lyk4/lyk5-2 mutant with respect to chitin perception. Collectively, our data indicate that differences in chitin and flg22 perception in these citrus genotypes are not the results of sequence polymorphisms at the receptor level. These findings shed light on the diversity of perception of microbial features and highlight genotypes capable of recognizing polymorphic pathogen features.
In summary, application of HRM analysis to large amount of clinical samples proves to be a fast and high-throughput way to investigate the epigenetic status of GADD45G. And this is the first study to evaluate the prevalence of GADD45G methylation based on large amount of tumor samples, showing that epigenetic regulation of GADD45G was associated with carcinogenesis.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a prevalent disease in countries around the world. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine cannot be synthesized by the body and have been shown to promote muscle buildup; thus, it is logical to suggest that BCAAs can reduce fat deposition in the body. We used gonadectomized rats fed a high-fat diet to investigate the effects of BCAAs on lipid metabolism over an 8-week experimental period. Body composition, tissue histology, plasma lipid indices, and hormone levels were examined. We demonstrated that the body weights of rats were not significantly decreased but the mesenteric fat was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in BCAA-treated rats. In addition, BCAAs decreased plasma lipid levels and fat deposition in the liver. At week 4, when the untreated rats displayed macrovesicular steatosis, BCAA-treated rats had only macrovesicular droplets in their hepatocytes. At week 8, when the untreated rat livers displayed profound inflammation and cirrhosis, BCAA-treated rat livers remained in the macrovesicular stage of steatosis. BCAAs induced higher blood glucose and plasma insulin levels (p < 0.05). BCAAs also improved liver blood flow by increasing mean arterial blood pressure and decreasing portal pressure, which helped delay the change in blood flow pattern to that of cirrhosis. BCAAs also induced the skeletal muscle to express higher levels of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase E1α, which indicates an enhanced metabolic capacity of BCAAs in muscle tissue. This study clearly demonstrates the effects of BCAAs on the amelioration of fat deposition in rats fed a high-fat diet.
Aims The aim of this retrospective single-center study was to analyze the immediate results, failures and complications of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy using the Rotarex catheter in the treatment of peripheral artery occlusion. Methods In this study, we identified a total of 42 patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy using Rotarex catheter at our institution. Procedural outcomes and complications were evaluated. Results The cohort consisted of 42 patients (31 men and 11 women), aged 32–93 years (median 68 years). The number of external iliac artery occlusion was 5, with common femoral artery 5, superficial femoral artery 28, femoral profound artery 2, popliteal artery 12, and brachial artery 2. The causes of occlusion were thrombosis (29 cases, 69%), embolism (6 cases, 14%), and reocclusion after percutaneous intervention (7 cases, 17%). We achieved primary success in 100% of the patients with mechanical thrombectomy, associated with balloon angioplasty (40/42, 95.2%) and stent deployment (16/42, 38.1%). The median time of the interventional procedure was 145 min. We encountered lower percentage of distal embolization (2.4%) and artery dissection (2.4%) during usage of Rotarex catheter in our cohort. Conclusions Rotarex thrombectomy was a useful tool to recanalize occluded vessels with additional treatment such as balloon angioplasty or stent deployment, with a low rate of failures and complications. And prospective studies in this issue are recommended.
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