IntroductionFlaxseed Linum usitatissimum L. is a potential oilseed crop and widely planted in China, North America, Ethiopia and India. Flaxseed contains 30-40 of oil 1 . It has been reported that daily intake of flaxseed oil can reduce the risk of colon tumors, mammary cancer, atherosclerosis, etc. 2 . The efficacy of flaxseed oil is mainly attributed to the richness in unsaturated fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid ALA 18:3, n-3 , which accounts for 40-68 3 . The consumption of flaxseed oil helps to balance the proportion of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in the human diet 4 . Flaxseed oil has been considered a healthy oil for its nutritional and pharmaceutical value.Mechanical pressing and organic solvent extraction are the two most common methods for vegetable oil production. However, organic solvent extraction is unacceptable on account of the inevitable residual solvent that is harmful to human health 5 . While mechanical pressing is high energy consumption and low extraction rate 6 . Supercritical CO 2 extraction seems to be an innovative and acceptable method because it is non-toxic, organic solvents-free, and allows more selectivity for target production. However, it is suffering from some serious problems such as high operating pressure, high cost of instrument, and limited production capacity 7 . Compared with supercritical CO 2 extraction, subcritical fluid extraction has advantages of mild
Background/Aims: The effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) on the male reproductive system have raised public concern and studies have shown that exposure to RF-EMFs can induce DNA damage and autophagy. However, there are no related reports on the role of autophagy in DNA damage in spermatocytes, especially after exposure to RF-EMFs. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism and role of autophagy induced by RF-EMFs in spermatozoa cells. Methods: Mouse spermatocyte-derived cells (GC-2) were exposed to RF-EMFs 4 W/kg for 24 h. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by ROS assay kit. Comet assay was utilized to detect DNA damage. Autophagy was detected by three indicators: LC3II/LC3I, autophagic vacuoles, and GFP-LC3 dots, which were measured by western blot, transmission electron microscopy, and transfection with GFP-LC3, respectively. The expression of the molecular signaling pathway AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR was determined by western blot. Results: The results showed that RF-EMFs induced autophagy and DNA damage in GC-2 cells via ROS generation, and the autophagy signaling pathway AMPK/mTOR was activated by ROS generation. Furthermore, following inhibition of autophagy by knockdown of AMPKα, increased DNA damage was observed in GC-2 cells following RF-EMFs exposure, and overexpression of AMPKα promoted autophagy and attenuated DNA damage. Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that the autophagy which was induced by RF-EMFs via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway could prevent DNA damage in spermatozoa cells.
The potential modifiable role of diet in common psychological disorders, including depression and anxiety, has attracted growing interest. Diet may influence the occurrence of mental disorders through its inflammatory characteristics. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to explore whether dietary inflammatory potential is associated with the risk of depression and anxiety. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to February 2021. Articles related to dietary inflammatory potential and risk of depression or anxiety were included. After the elimination of repetitive and irrelevant literature, we conducted quality assessment, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis. In total, 17 studies with a total of 157,409 participants were included in the final analysis. Compared with the lowest inflammatory diet group, the highest group was significantly associated with the incidence of depression and anxiety, with the following pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs): 1.45 (1.30 ~ 1.62) for depression and 1.66 (1.41 ~ 1.96) for anxiety. A subgroup analysis by gender showed that this association was more prominent in women. For depression, the increased risk was 49% in women (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.28 ~ 1.74) and 27% in men (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.06 ~ 1.52). As for anxiety, the increased risk was 80% in women (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.30 ~ 2.49) and 47% in men (OR 1.53, 95% CI 0.81 ~ 2.89). As a result, long-term anti-inflammatory eating patterns may prevent depression and anxiety, whereas pro-inflammatory eating patterns may promote these conditions. People should add more fish, fish oil, fresh fruit, walnuts, and brown rice to their diet.
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