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Dispersion of graphene sheets in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate was successfully achieved with the aid of a polymerized ionic liquid (PIL).

Harpin proteins from gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria can stimulate hypersensitive cell death (HCD) and pathogen defense as well as enhance growth in plants. Two of these diverse activities clearly are beneficial and may depend on particular functional regions of the proteins. Identification of beneficial and deleterious regions might facilitate the beneficial use of harpin-related proteins on crops without causing negative effects like cell death. Here, we report the identification and testing of nine functional fragments of HpaG(Xooc), a 137-amino-acid harpin protein from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the pathogen that causes bacterial leaf streak of rice. Polymerase chain reaction-based mutagenesis generated nine proteinaceous fragments of HpaG(Xooc); these caused different responses following their application to Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and Oryza sativa (rice). Fragment HpaG62-137, which spans the indicated amino acid residues of the HpaG, induced more intense HCD; in contrast, HpaG10-42 did not cause evident cell death in tobacco. However, both fragments stimulated stronger defense responses and enhanced more growth in rice than the full-length parent protein, HpaG(Xooc). Of the nine fragments, the parent protein and one deletion mutant of HpaG(Xooc) tested, HpaG10-42, stimulated higher levels of rice growth and resulted in greater levels of resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae and Magnaporthe grisea. These pathogens cause bacterial leaf blight and rice blast, respectively, the two most important diseases of rice world-wide. HpaG10-42 was more active than HpaG(Xooc) in inducing expression of several genes that regulate rice defense and growth processes and activating certain signaling pathways, which may explain the greater beneficial effects observed from treatment with that fragment. Overall, our results suggest that HpaG10-42 holds promise for practical agricultural use to induce disease resistance and enhance growth of rice.

Graphene/polyaniline composite nanosheets can be prepared with the aid of polymerized ionic liquid, and both individual nanosheets and stable aqueous dispersions of the nanosheets can be obtained.

The activity of CoO for the electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid could be significantly enhanced by introducing oxygen vacancies via Se doping.

Herein we synthesized Cu3(BTC)2 nanocrystals in a series of water/ethanol solvent systems at room temperature. The size and porosity of Cu3(BTC)2 can be easily modulated by controlling the composition of the mixed solvent.

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