Background: In suckling piglets, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes lethal diarrhea accompanied by high infection and mortality rates, leading to considerable economic losses. This study explored methods of preventing or inhibiting their production. Bovine antimicrobial peptide-13 (APB-13) has antibacterial, antiviral, and immune functions. Objectives: This study analyzed the efficacy of APB-13 against TGEV through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Methods: The effects of APB-13 toxicity and virus inhibition rate on swine testicular (ST) cells were detected using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The impact of APB-13 on virus replication was examined through the 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID 50). The mRNA and protein levels were investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot (WB). Tissue sections were used to detect intestinal morphological development. Results: The safe and effective concentration range of APB-13 on ST cells ranged from 0 to 62.5 µg/mL, and the highest viral inhibitory rate of APB-13 was 74.1%. The log 10 TCID 50 of 62.5 µg/mL APB-13 was 3.63 lower than that of the virus control. The mRNA and protein expression at 62.5 µg/mL APB-13 was significantly lower than that of the virus control at 24 hpi. Piglets in the APB-13 group showed significantly lower viral shedding than that in the virus control group, and the pathological tissue sections of the jejunum morphology revealed significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: APB-13 exhibited good antiviral effects on TGEV in vivo and in vitro.
This study focussed on the microstructure of the digestive canal of the Great Bustard ( Otis tarda). Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), different morphological plicae (rounded protrusions about 10 μm in height) were observed at different locations along the inner surface of the oesophagus. Concentrated microvilli can be seen on the surface of the protrusions in high-power fields. There are papillae in the mucosal fold on the inner surface of the glandular stomach, with openings of about 250 μm in diameter. In high-power fields, the tops of rod cells could be seen in somewhat circular forms with microvilli on them. Inside the muscular stomach, the scraggly- or wavy-formed surface of the cuticle layer could be seen. Stripping off the cuticle layer, at the tops of mucosal folds row- or rope-like forms could be seen. The mucosa of the small intestine is thrown into ridges running longitudinally in a zigzag pattern along the intestine, rather than the finger-like intestinal villi observed in mammals. There are villi on the inner surface of the caecum with impressions on their domes (the troughs between which have diameters of about 200 μm). Villi on the inner surface of the rectum are even thicker, ranging from 200–500 μm in diameter, and could be seen on the inner surface of the caecum and rectum. Outlines of cell domes are clearer on the inner surface of the caecum than those on the rectum. Studies on the fine structures of the inner surface of the Great Bustard digestive canal will enrich the knowledge of the comparative histology of birds, and provide a reference for raising bustards, as well as preventing and curing its diseases.
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