Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os atributos fisiológicos, físico-químicos e minerais associados à ocorrência pós-colheita de "bitter pit" em maçãs 'Fuji' e 'Catarina'. Os frutos foram colhidos, armazenados por 120 dias a 1°C, com 90-95% de umidade relativa e, em seguida, divididos em lotes com ou sem sintoma de "bitter pit". Maçãs 'Catarina' apresentaram maior incidência e severidade de "bitter pit", em comparação a 'Fuji'. Em ambas as cultivares, os frutos com "bitter pit" apresentaram maior produção de etileno, respiração e acidez titulável, e menor pH, firmeza de polpa, textura da casca e da polpa e percentagem de cor vermelha na casca. Os frutos com "bitter pit" também apresentaram menores teores de Ca e maiores valores das relações K/Ca, N/Ca, (K+Mg)/Ca e (K+Mg+N)/Ca nos tecidos da casca e da polpa da região pistilar. A análise canônica discriminante indica que os atributos mais adequados para discriminar frutos com e sem "bitter pit" são força para penetração na polpa e relação K/Ca na polpa, em maçãs 'Fuji', e acidez titulável e relação K/Ca na casca, em maçãs 'Catarina'.Termos para indexação: Malus domestica, análise canônica discriminante, distúrbio fisiológico, estado nutricional, deficiência de cálcio, pós-colheita. Physiological, physicochemical and mineral attributes associated with the occurrence of bitter pit in applesAbstract -The objective of this work was to identify the physiological, physicochemical, and mineral attributes associated with the occurrence of bitter pit in 'Fuji' and 'Catarina' apples. Fruit were harvested, stored in air at 1°C and 90-95% relative humidity for 120 days, and, then, divided into lots with or without bitter pit symptoms. 'Catarina' apples had higher incidence and severity of bitter pit, in comparison to 'Fuji'. In both cultivars, fruit with bitter pit had higher ethylene production, respiration, and titratable acidity, and lower pH, flesh firmness, skin and pulp textures, and percentage of red skin area. Fruit with bitter pit also had lower Ca content and higher values of K/Ca, N/Ca, (K+Mg)/Ca, and (K+Mg +N)/Ca ratios in the skin and flesh tissues of the blossom-end. Canonical discriminant analysis indicates that the best attributes to discriminate between fruit with or without bitter pit are force to penetrate the flesh and K/Ca ratio in the pulp, in 'Fuji' apples, and titratable acidity and K/Ca ratio in the skin, in 'Catarina' apples.
This study evaluated the leaf area index (LAI) recovery mechanisms and forage accumulation rates on the regrowth of different grass species subjected to different defoliation intensities. For that purpose, plots of Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyugrass), Lolium multiflorum (annual ryegrass), and Avena strigosa (black oats) were defoliated from 20 to 80 % of their initial heights (25, 20, and 25 cm, respectively). At different increments in height, forage samples were collected to ground level and used to estimate tiller population density (TPD), leaf area per tiller (L A), and forage mass. From these data, we calculated the leaf area index (LAI), average leaf area index (aLAI), and average and instantaneous forage accumulation rate (FAR and IFAR, respectively). Data were plotted over time (days) to describe LAI recovery and forage accumulation rates. As the defoliation intensity increased, greater canopy heights were needed for pastures to achieve their maximum forage accumulation rates, which required longer regrowth intervals. The need for high tiller recruitment after defoliation, which delayed canopy LAI recovery, seemed to be one of the main cause. Thus, grazing management strategies that involve costly tiller recruitment could decrease both overall forage production and sward persistence over time. However, the plant ability to recover LAI after successive intense defoliations seems to be species-dependent and related to their phenotypic plasticity.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pre-storage fruit treatment with nitric oxide (NO) on the quality maintenance of cold stored 'Cripps Pink' apples. The following treatments were evaluated: 0 µL•L -1 of NO (control); 10 µL•L -1 of NO for 2 h; 10 µL•L -1 of NO for 4 h; 10 µL•L -1 of NO for 8 h; and 20 µL•L -1 of NO for 2 h. Fruit treated with NO, regardless of concentration and application time, had a greener skin background color than the control, especially those treated with 10 µL•L -1 for 8 h. After 7 days of shelf life (23 ± 3 °C/relative humidity, RH, of 65 ± 5%), fruit treated with 10 µL•L -1 for 8 h and 20 µL•L -1 for 2 h had lower respiration rate and a greener skin background color than the control. Fruit treated with NO, regardless of concentration and application time, had a lower incidence of flesh browning after storage. The use of NO (10 µL•L -1 applied for 8 h and 20 µL•L -1 applied for 2 h) pre-storage maintains the quality of 'Cripps Pink' apples, because it delays skin yellowing and reduces flesh browning. Nitric oxide has no effect on the maintenance of flesh firmness in 'Cripps Pink' apples.
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