For continuously stocked pastures, net forage accumulation is thought to be relatively unaffected across a rather large range of canopy‐based management targets. It is not known whether this is also characteristic of intermittently stocked canopies, and if so, the underlying mechanisms have not been well delineated. We hypothesized that initiation of grazing when canopy heights are shorter than heights corresponding to the critical leaf area index, associated with a moderate intensity of defoliation, do not reduce forage accumulation in pastures under intermittent stocking. Therefore, kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. Ex Chiov) pastures were grazed at four pregrazing heights (10, 15, 20, and 25 cm) with the same proportion of defoliation (50% reduction in pregrazing height; i.e., postgrazing heights of 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 cm, respectively) from December 2011 to May 2013. As the canopy height increased, there was an inverse relationship between tiller weight and number; however, heavier tillers presented greater rates of leaf elongation. Pastures grazed at 15 to 25 cm had the same forage accumulation. The same homeostatic mechanisms that keep a constant forage accumulation in different heights when pastures are subjected to continuous stocking also allowed for a similar forage accumulation in pastures under intermittent stocking at different grazing heights.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to deliver further insights into empirical research on corporate governance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) by systematizing existing knowledge, identifying current investigation backlogs, and deriving specific implications for future empirical research to address the lack of empirical knowledge in this field. Design/methodology/approach The study follows a literature analysis approach through a systematic, quantitative analysis of broad-based database queries from EBSCOhost and Web of Science to derive recommendations for future empirical research on SOE-oriented corporate governance. Findings The results indicate that empirical SOE-oriented corporate governance research is a growing field with wide-ranging opportunities for investigation. Given the lack of qualitative empirical research (representing only 21.7 percent of the studies identified) and the massive focus on regression analyses (69.9 percent) and secondary database data (77.2 percent), future empirical approaches should consider different methods and data sources. More qualitative research is needed for exploratory designs and canonical correlation-based statistical methods seem helpful for confirmatory approaches. In addition, 50.4 percent of the studies identified have a Chinese background, indicating room for studies from different cultural contexts. Research limitations/implications Given the range of the research field and the eclectic nature of the analytical approach, it is unlikely that every relevant scientific publication is included. Originality/value Since this study is the first of its kind, it contributes to SOE-oriented corporate governance research by drawing on a wide-ranging selection of studies and analyzing them to derive straightforward recommendations for future empirical research.

An aquatic natural organic matter sample was concentrated by membrane filtration and fractionated using a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) system with a Superdex 75 column. Stability over time was investigated by reinjection of selected fractions. The reinjection yielded single peaks of a more or less Gaussian shape. From the peak shape of the individual fractions it was concluded that non-SEC mechanisms play an important role for the elution behavior. No significant change in the UV chromatograms could be detected over 5 weeks, suggesting a high stability of the fractions and only little or no alterations of the molecular weight distribution during that time period. The fractions were reexamined using a liquid chromatography system with online dissolved organic carbon detection (LCDOC system) with a TSK HW-50 (S) column. The average total recoveries of all fractions were 90 ( 4% for the Superdex system (calculated from UV-peak areas), and 102% and 105% for the spectral UV-absorbances (UVA) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents measured with the LCDOC system. Peak molecular weights (M p ) were determined using polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) standards. The M p ranged from M p ) 17870 ( 113 Da to M p ) 799 ( 28 Da for the original sample and from M p ) 17998 ( 306 Da to M p ) 737 ( 30 Da for the selected fractions.

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Acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) is a reversible epithelial trans-differentiation process that occurs in response to acute inflammation. ADM can rapidly progress toward pre-malignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions in the presence of mutant KRas and ultimately pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In the present work we elucidate the role and related mechanism of Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β) in ADM development using in vitro 3D cultures and genetically engineered mouse models. We show that GSK-3β promotes TGFα-induced ADM in 3D cultured primary acinar cells, whereas deletion of GSK-3β attenuates caerulein-induced ADM formation and PanIN progression in KRasG12D transgenic mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GSK-3β ablation influences ADM formation and PanIN progression by suppressing oncogenic KRas-driven cell proliferation. Mechanistically, we show that GSK-3β regulates proliferation by increasing the activation of S6 kinase. Taken together, these results indicate that GSK-3β participates in early pancreatitis-induced ADM and thus could be a target for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis and prevention of PDAC progression.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a participação relativa de colmo na estrutura vertical de pastos de capim Aruana e azevém anual submetidos a estratégias de pastejo intermitente por ovinos. Os tratamentos para o capim

Targeting the B-cell receptor and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mTOR signaling pathways has shown meaningful, but incomplete, antitumor activity in lymphoma. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) α and β are 2 homologous and functionally overlapping serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate multiple protein substrates in several key signaling pathways. To date, no agent targeting GSK3 has been approved for lymphoma therapy. We show that lymphoma cells abundantly express GSK3α and GSK3β compared with normal B and T lymphocytes at the messenger RNA and protein levels. Utilizing a new GSK3 inhibitor 9-ING-41 and by genetic deletion of GSK3α and GSK3β genes using CRISPR/CAS9 knockout, GSK3 was demonstrated to be functionally important to lymphoma cell growth and proliferation. GSK3β binds to centrosomes and microtubules, and lymphoma cells treated with 9-ING-41 become arrested in mitotic prophase, supporting the notion that GSK3β is necessary for the progression of mitosis. By analyzing recently published RNA sequencing data on 234 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients, we found that higher expression of GSK3α or GSK3β correlates well with shorter overall survival. These data provide rationale for testing GSK3 inhibitors in lymphoma patient trials.