Chronic pancreatitis is an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas. We analyzed CPA1 encoding carboxypeptidase A1 in subjects with non-alcoholic chronic pancreatitis and controls in a German discovery cohort and three replication cohorts. Functionally impaired variants were present in 29/944 (3.1%) German patients and in 5/3,938 (0.1%) controls (odds ratio [OR] = 24.9; P = 1.5 × 10-16). The association was strongest in subjects aged ≤10 years (9.7%; OR = 84.0; P = 4.1 × 10-24). In the replication cohorts, defective CPA1 variants were observed in 8/600 (1.3%) patients and in 9/2,432 (0.4%) controls from Europe (P = 0.01), in 5/230 (2.2%) patients and 0/264 controls from India (P = 0.02), and in 5/247 (2.0%) patients but 0/341 controls from Japan (P = 0.013). The mechanism of increased pancreatitis risk by CPA1 variants may involve misfolding-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress rather than elevated trypsin activity as seen with other genetic risk factors.

Background: Etiology of and outcomes following idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) vary geographically. We conducted a prospective study of DILI in India, from 2013 to 2018 and summarize the causes, clinical features, outcomes and predictors of mortality. Methods: We enrolled patients with DILI using international DILI expert working group criteria and Roussel Uclaf causality assessment method. Follow-up was up to 3 months from onset of DILI or until death. Multivariate logistics regression was carried out to determine predictors of non-survival. Results: Among 1288 patients with idiosyncratic DILI, 51.4% were male, 68% developed jaundice, 68% required hospitalization and 8.2% had co-existing HIV infection. Concomitant features of skin reaction, ascites, and encephalopathy (HE) were seen in 19.5%, 16.4%, and 10% respectively. 32.4% had severe disease. Mean MELD score at presentation was 18.8 ± 8.8. Overall mortality was 12.3%; 65% in those with HE, 17.6% in patients who fulfilled Hy's law, and 16.6% in those that developed jaundice. Combination anti-TB drugs (ATD) 46.4%, complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) 13.9%, anti-epileptic drugs (AED) 8.1%, non-ATD antimicrobials 6.5%, anti-metabolites 3.8%, anti-retroviral drugs (ART)3.5%, NSAID2.6%, hormones 2.5%, and statins 1.4% were the top 9 causes. Univariate analysis identified, ascites, HE, serum albumin, bilirubin, creatinine,

This study on a large cohort of TCP patients provides evidence of allelic heterogeneity and confirms that CTRC variants play a significant role in its pathogenesis.

By Manning's and the Asian criteria, a diagnosis of IBS was made frequently among Indian patients with chronic functional lower GI symptoms with no alarm features; the Rome II criteria gave the lowest yield. By the stool frequency criteria, a majority of patients had unclassified pattern, unlike by the stool form and patients' perception of their symptoms.