Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based amplicon vectors have a large transgene capacity and can efficiently infect many different cell types. One disadvantage of HSV-1 vectors is their instability of transgene expression. By contrast, vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) can either persist in an episomal form or integrate into the host cell genome, thereby supporting long-term gene expression. AAV expresses four rep genes, rep68, -78, -40, and -52. Of those, rep68 or rep78 are sufficient to mediate site-specific integration of the AAV DNA into the host cell genome. The major disadvantage of AAV vectors is the small transgene capacity (ϳ4.6 kb). In this study, we constructed HSV/AAV hybrid vectors that contained, in addition to the standard HSV-1 amplicon elements, AAV rep68, rep78, both rep68 and -78, or all four rep genes and a reporter gene that was flanked by the AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). Southern blots of Hirt DNA from cells transfected with the hybrid vectors and HSV-1 helper DNA demonstrated that both the AAV elements and the HSV-1 elements were functional in the context of the hybrid vector. All hybrid vectors could be packaged into HSV-1 virions, although those containing rep sequences had lower titers than vectors that did not. Site-specific integration at AAVS1 on human chromosome 19 was directly demonstrated by PCR and sequence analysis of ITR-AAVS1 junctions in hybrid vector-transduced 293 cells. Cell clones that stably expressed the transgene for at least 12 months could easily be isolated without chemical selection. In the majority of these clones, the transgene cassette was integrated at AAVS1, and no sequences outside the ITR cassette, rep in particular, were present as determined by PCR, ITR rescue/replication assays, and Southern analysis. Some of the clones contained random integrations of the transgene cassette alone or together with sequences outside the ITR cassette. These data indicate that the long-term transgene expression observed following transduction with HSV/AAV hybrid vectors is, at least in part, supported by chromosomal integration of the transgene cassette, both randomly and site specifically.Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based amplicon vectors are bacterial plasmids that contain two HSV-1 cis elements, an origin of DNA replication (ori), and a DNA packaging/cleavage signal (pac). These two elements are sufficient to support replication of the vector DNA and packaging of the concatemeric replication products into virions in the presence of HSV-1 helper functions (34). HSV-1 helper functions can be provided by a replication-conditional helper virus (8, 20) or a replication-competent, packaging-defective HSV-1 genome cloned as either a set of cosmids (7) or a bacterial artificial chromosome (14,29,30,36). As the HSV-1 ori and pac sequences are smaller than 1 kb, amplicons have the capacity to accommodate at least 150 kbp of foreign DNA, the size of the HSV-1 genome (40). Amplicons have been demonstrated to transfer a wide range of transgenes with a hi...

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