Minimizing metallic primary structures in directly glazed grid shells is key to increasing transparency. Complete renunciation to a substructure results in the glass itself bearing the loads, with thin glass shells, for example, that support loads mainly via membrane forces. A 4.20 m tall, double-curved, frame-less modular glass shell with stainless steel fittings laminated into the thin interstice of two-ply laminated safety glass has been developed and built as a demonstrator to validate the concept. The fittings used to structurally join the glass modules transfer all translation loads and provide a certain rotational stiffness. They are geometrically designed to reduce stress peaks inside the laminate and feature a laminated contact surface at the edge of the glass. For lamination, an interlayer stack was applied comprising exterior layers of structural PVB to bond the fitting with the glass and translucent PVB as interior core layer for aesthetic reasons. The design of this structure initially relied on generic values for designing and finite element modelling of the fitting-interlayer bond, particularly in tensile “pull-out” mode. The present paper undertakes a review of basic interlayer stack data with regards to viscoelastic properties and adhesion, and the engineering hypotheses using recent preliminary fitting test results for various loading schemes (bending, shear, tensile).
Curved glass is increasingly used in modern architecture, driven by free‐form design, the desire for smooth, continuously curved facades and new or improved manufacturing methods. Permanent curvature is obtained by thermal bending, whereas elastic cold bending results in a reversible curved glass shape stabilized either by fixing upon a substructure or by lamination with shear‐stiff interlayers. However, for the application in building projects many mutually depending factors such as the achievable geometrical shape and curvature, glass dimensions, potential residual stress, load bearing behavior, applicability for IGUs, coating options, cost, necessary supports, lamination, interlayer type or the optical quality have to be respected. The present paper contributes to creating a design basis regarding the use of curved architectural glass by comparing the typical properties, assets and limitations of the above‐mentioned types and by illustrating their application through project examples.
Seit 2012 werden am ITKE (Universität Stuttgart) Einsatzmöglichkeiten faseroptischer Sensoren mit Bragg‐Gittern zur Spannungsmessung auf Glasoberflächen und in Glaslaminaten erforscht, wofür die Sensoren aufgrund ihres geringen Durchmessers (< 0,2 mm), ihrer Robustheit, der Aufnahme mehrerer Sensoren auf einer Faser und der Verwendung eines Lasermesssignals besonders ge‐eignet sind. Die Entwicklung einer transparenten, autoklavgeeigneten Verklebung der Sensorfaser mittels Versuchen, numerischen und analytischen Modellen hat die Anwendung zum kontinuierlichen Echtzeit‐Spannungsmonitoring in laminationsgebogenen Gläsern ermöglicht. Das Potential konnte mittels eines begehbaren, sensitiven Glasbogens auf der glasstec 2014 gezeigt werden. Applicability of Fibre Optic Sensors for Stress Measurement in Glass Laminates. Research on the use of fibre optic sensors (FOS) with Bragg gratings for the surface stress measurement of glass is undertaken at the ITKE / University of Stuttgart since 2012. FOS are particularly suited for the application in glass laminates owing to the robustness, the small diameter (< 0.2 mm), multiple sensor placement in one fibre and the use of laser light as a signal carrier. The development of a transparent adhesive connection of the FOS to glass suitable for the autoclave through tests, numerical and analytical models ultimately lead to the use of fibre optic sensors for real‐time stress monitoring in cold bent, lamination‐stabilised glass elements such as a walkable, sensitive glass arch presented at the glasstec 2014.
Die Herstellung doppelt gekrümmter Glaselemente mittels Kaltverformens, wie sie auf der glasstec 2010 vorgestellt wurden, ist vielversprechend für die Verwendung für Ganzglas‐Schalenkonstruktionen, deren optische und technische Qualität auf die Ansprüche der Architektur nach hochtransparenten, sanft gekrümmten Formen reagiert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung von Formgebungs‐ und Materialeigenschaften der kaltgekrümmten Scheiben ermöglichten die Erarbeitung und Vorauswahl entsprechender doppelt gekrümmter Schalengeometrien. Charakteristische Grundformen sind dann Parameterstudien und Sensibilitätsanalysen zur Ermittlung des Tragverhaltens abhängig von Fügung, Lagerung und Einteilung unterzogen worden. Antiklastische Geometrien haben sich dabei als besonders interessant herausgestellt. Research on Glass Shell Design from Double Curved, Cold Bent Glass Laminates. The manufacturability of cold bent, double curved laminated glass panels as presented at glasstec 2010 is promising for the application in full glass membrane shells. Their optical and technical quality meets with the demand of smoothly curved, transparent surfaces in architecture. The material and shape properties of cold bent laminates limit the range of adequate double curved shell geometries. Parametric and sensitivity analyses performed on characteristic shell geometries have been used to explore the structural behaviour and performance of joining, supports and element layout. Especially anticlastic geometries are interesting for such shallow shells.
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