Minimizing metallic primary structures in directly glazed grid shells is key to increasing transparency. Complete renunciation to a substructure results in the glass itself bearing the loads, with thin glass shells, for example, that support loads mainly via membrane forces. A 4.20 m tall, double-curved, frame-less modular glass shell with stainless steel fittings laminated into the thin interstice of two-ply laminated safety glass has been developed and built as a demonstrator to validate the concept. The fittings used to structurally join the glass modules transfer all translation loads and provide a certain rotational stiffness. They are geometrically designed to reduce stress peaks inside the laminate and feature a laminated contact surface at the edge of the glass. For lamination, an interlayer stack was applied comprising exterior layers of structural PVB to bond the fitting with the glass and translucent PVB as interior core layer for aesthetic reasons. The design of this structure initially relied on generic values for designing and finite element modelling of the fitting-interlayer bond, particularly in tensile “pull-out” mode. The present paper undertakes a review of basic interlayer stack data with regards to viscoelastic properties and adhesion, and the engineering hypotheses using recent preliminary fitting test results for various loading schemes (bending, shear, tensile).
Curved glass is increasingly used in modern architecture, driven by free‐form design, the desire for smooth, continuously curved facades and new or improved manufacturing methods. Permanent curvature is obtained by thermal bending, whereas elastic cold bending results in a reversible curved glass shape stabilized either by fixing upon a substructure or by lamination with shear‐stiff interlayers. However, for the application in building projects many mutually depending factors such as the achievable geometrical shape and curvature, glass dimensions, potential residual stress, load bearing behavior, applicability for IGUs, coating options, cost, necessary supports, lamination, interlayer type or the optical quality have to be respected. The present paper contributes to creating a design basis regarding the use of curved architectural glass by comparing the typical properties, assets and limitations of the above‐mentioned types and by illustrating their application through project examples.
ZJA Zwarts & Jansma Architects have designed a new light rail departure station in The Hague, The Netherlands. The spatial roof structure of the station is made of rolled steel rectangular hollow sections arranged in two independent layers rigidly connected to each other. A glass envelope covering the roof structure matches the contours of the steel exactly. Since the diamond‐shaped glass panes could only be attached to the outer layer of the steel grid, the panes (with edge lengths of approx. 1.30 m) are supported on two sides only. When optimizing the overall geometry, the double‐curvature area at the nose of the roof structure became a special focus. Knippers Helbig Advanced Engineering has managed to minimize the deviation of each single glass pane from the single‐curvature geometry to a maximum out‐of‐plane deformation of only 3 mm. Therefore, the project is a great example of how geometry development can influence structural design and enable new approaches.
Der Wunsch nach kontinuierlich gekrümmten Fassaden und freien Formen in der aktuellen Architektur sowie die stetige Verbesserung der Herstellungsmethoden führen zu einem zunehmenden Einsatz gekrümmter Gläser. Dauerhafte Krümmung wird durch thermisches Biegen erreicht, während elastisches Kaltbiegen zu reversiblen Glaskrümmungen führt, welche entweder durch Befestigung auf einer Unterkonstruktion oder durch Lamination mit schubsteifen Interlayern stabilisiert werden. Bei der Anwendung spielen voneinander abhängige Faktoren wie die geometrische Form und Krümmung, Glasgröße, residuelle Spannungen, Isolierglas, Beschichtungen, Oberflächenqualität und der Interlayer eine entscheidende Rolle. Als Beitrag zu einer Entwurfsbasis werden hier Eigenschaften und Grenzen gekrümmten Architekturglases vergleichend aufgezeigt und anhand von Projektbeispielen belegt. Design and Construction with Curved Glass. Driven by free-form design and improved manufac-turing methods, curved glass is increasingly used in modern architecture. Permanent curvature is obtained by thermal bending, whereas elastic cold bending results in a reversible curved glass shape stabilized by fixing upon a substructure or by lamination with shear-stiff interlayers. However, for the application in building projects mutually depending factors such as the geometrical shape and curvature, glass dimensions, residual stress, applicability for IGUs, coatings, the interlayer or the optical quality have to be respected. The present paper contributes to creating a design basis regarding the use of curved architectural glass by comparing typical properties, assets and limitations of the above-mentioned types and by illustrating their application through project examples.
Die große Herausforderung bei der Planung von Gebäudehüllen besteht häufig darin, anspruchsvolle Fassadensysteme mit hohen architektonischen Anforderungen sowie einer maximalen Transparenz auszulegen. Bei der Entwicklung der Fassadenkonstruktion sind dabei in Abhängigkeit von der geographischen Lage zum Teil hohe seismische Beanspruchungen und die daraus resultierenden großen horizontalen Verformungen bzw. Kräfte zu berücksichtigen. Dieser Artikel erläutert anhand von drei sehr unterschiedlichen Projekttypen detailliert, wie der Schutz von Tragwerk und Gebäudehülle gegen seismische Beanspruchungen bei einer seilversteiften Gitternetzschale, im strukturellen Glasbau sowie bei einer Elementfassade mit komplexer Tragstruktur im Einzelnen geschehen kann.Transparent building envelopes in seismic areas. One major challenge when planning building envelopes is often to design sophisticated facade systems with high architectural requirements and maximum transparency. Depending on the geographical location of the site, high seismic loads and the resulting large horizontal deformations and forces must be taken into account during design development of the facade construction. Considering three different projects the article explains in detail how protection of the building structure and the envelope against seismic action for a gridshell, in structural glazing and for a unitized facade with a complex supporting structure could be achieved.
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