All lactic beverages were considered probiotics. The addition of prebiotic resulted in beverages with higher total solids and total carbohydrates contents, without changing the other physicochemical parameters, including the attributes of colour. All beverages showed non-Newtonian behaviour, with shear thinning characteristics and presence of thixotropy, which is less accentuated in beverages with oligofructose. In these beverages, there was a decrease in apparent viscosity, consistency index and activation energy, and an increase in flow index and frequency factor. The beverages with oligofructose were sensory preferred in relation to the control, also showing good overall acceptability and most judges indicated that they would buy such a product.

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ResumoBebida láctea (amostra 1), com 70 % de leite e 30 % de soro de queijo, e leite fermentado (amostra 2), com 100% de leite, adicionados de Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, Bifidobacterium Bb-12 e Streptococcus thermophilus, foram avaliados quanto à composição físico-química, contagem de células viáveis de bactérias probióticas e medidas reológicas, nas temperaturas de 2,0 ± 0,1ºC; 4,0 ± 0,1 ºC; 6,0 ± 0,1 ºC e 8,0 ± 0,1 ºC. A adição de soro resultou em uma bebida láctea com menores teores (p < 0,05) de sólidos totais (18,08 ± 0,08 % m/m), proteínas (2,23 ± 0,10 % m/m), lipídios (1,91 ± 0,02 % m/m) e valor calórico (79,27 ± 0,37 Kcal/100 g), quando comparados aos teores apresentados no leite fermentado, respectivamente iguais a 19,44 ± 0,02 % m/m; 2,80 ± 0,23 % m/m; 3,03 ± 0,08 % m/m e 90,47 ± 0,53 Kcal/100 g. Já, os teores de cinzas, carboidratos, acidez e pH da bebida láctea e do leite fermentado não diferiram (p > 0,05). De acordo com a legislação brasileira, a bebida láctea e o leite fermentado foram considerados probióticos (> 10 6 UFC/mL). As duas amostras (1 e 2) comportaram-se como fluidos pseudoplásticos, confirmando o comportamento não-Newtoniano e apresentaram tixotropia. Os valores para a energia de ativação foram iguais a 1,89 Kcal.mol

ResumoBebidas lácteas fermentadas contendo bactérias probióticas foram elaboradas com 50, 40 e 30% de soro de queijo, e denominadas de bebida láctea 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Após a avaliação destas bebidas, verificou-se que as contagens de células probióticas não foram influenciadas pela proporção de soro, podendo também ser classificadas como probióticas. Quanto menor a proporção de soro de queijo utilizada nas bebidas, maiores os teores de sólidos totais (p < 0,05) e valores calóricos encontrados (p < 0,05), porém, após o 14° dia de armazenamento, ambos aumentaram (p < 0,05). Neste mesmo período, a acidez foi maior (p < 0,05) nas bebidas 2 e 3, enquanto os valores do pH das bebidas diminuíram (p < 0,05) nos 28 dias de armazenamento. Os demais valores referentes à composição físico-química não apresentaram diferenças (p > 0,05). Todas as bebidas apresentaram comportamento de fluido não-Newtoniano, com comportamento pseudoplástico e menor viscosidade nas bebidas com maior proporção de soro. Maior sinérese (p < 0,05) foi verificada na bebida1. Palavras-chave: Bebida láctea; Soro de queijo; Probióticos e reologia. SummaryFermented lactic beverages containing probiotic bacteria were elaborated with 50, 40 and 30% of whey, and denominated lactic beverages 1, 2 and 3, respectively. After the evaluation of these beverages, it was shown that the number of probiotic cells had not been influenced by the amount of whey used, classifying the beverages as probiotic. The lower the amount of cheese whey used, the higher the total solids contents (p < 0.05) and caloric values (p < 0.05), but after the 14 th day of storage both values increased (p < 0.05). During this period, the acidity was higher (p < 0.05) in beverages 2 and 3, whilst the beverage pH values decreased (p < 0.05) after 28 days of storage. The other physicochemical values presented no differences (p > 0.05). All the beverages presented non-Newtonian fluid behaviour with pseudoplastic behaviour, and a lower viscosity in the beverages with higher whey ratios. Greater syneresis (p < 0.05) was demonstrated by beverage 1. Key words: Lactic beverage; Whey; Probiotics and rheology.A influência do uso de soro de queijo e bactérias probióticas nas propriedades de bebidas lácteas fermentadas 24A influência do uso de soro de queijo e bactérias probióticas nas propriedades de bebidas lácteas fermentadas CUNHA, T. M. et al. www.ital.sp.gov.br/bj o uso deste modelo na representação significativa do comportamento reológico de diversos fluidos pseudoplásticos (GRATÃO et al., 2007).O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades microbiológicas, físico-químicas e reológicas de bebidas lácteas elaboradas com 50% de leite e 50% de soro de queijo (bebida láctea 1), 60% de leite e 40% de soro (bebida láctea 2) e 70% de leite e 30% do soro (bebida láctea 3), contendo Streptococcus thermophilus, além das bactérias probióticas Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 e Bifidobacterium BB-12. Material e métodos 2 2.1 Material Elaboração das bebidas lácteasA elaboração das bebidas ...

Background: Due to recent studies indicating that the deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in T cells contributes to increased severity of rheumatoid arthritis, we hypothesized that deregulated miRNAs may interact with key mRNA targets controlling the function or differentiation of these cells in this disease.Methodology/Principal Findings: To test our hypothesis, we used microarrays to survey, for the first time, the expression of all known mouse miRNAs in parallel with genome-wide mRNAs in thymocytes and naı ¨ve and activated peripheral CD3 + T cells from two mouse strains the DBA-1/J strain (MHC-H2q), which is susceptible to collagen induced arthritis (CIA), and the DBA-2/J strain (MHC-H2d), which is resistant. Hierarchical clustering of data showed the several T cell miRNAs and mRNAs differentially expressed between the mouse strains in different stages of immunization with collagen. Bayesian statistics using the GenMir ++ algorithm allowed reconstruction of post-transcriptional miRNA-mRNA interaction networks for target prediction. We revealed the participation of miR-500, miR-202-3p and miR-30b*, which established interactions with at least one of the following mRNAs: Rorc, Fas, Fasl, Il-10 and Foxo3. Among the interactions that were validated by calculating the minimal free-energy of base pairing between the miRNA and the 39UTR of the mRNA target and luciferase assay, we highlight the interaction of miR-30b*-Rorc mRNA because the mRNA encodes a protein implicated in pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation (Rorct). FACS analysis revealed that Rorct protein levels and Th17 cell counts were comparatively reduced in the DBA-2/J strain.Conclusions/Significance: This result showed that the miRNAs and mRNAs identified in this study represent new candidates regulating T cell function and controlling susceptibility and resistance to CIA.

<div>Abstract<p>Paclitaxel is an antineoplastic agent widely used to treat several solid tumor types. The primary mechanism of action of paclitaxel is based on microtubule stabilization inducing cell-cycle arrest. Here, we use several tumor models to show that paclitaxel not only induces tumor cell-cycle arrest, but also promotes antitumor immunity. <i>In vitro</i>, paclitaxel reprogrammed M2-polarized macrophages to the M1-like phenotype in a TLR4-dependent manner, similarly to LPS. Paclitaxel also modulated the tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) profile in mouse models of breast and melanoma tumors; gene expression analysis showed that paclitaxel altered the M2-like signature of TAMs toward an M1-like profile. In mice selectively lacking TLR4 on myeloid cells, for example, macrophages (LysM-Cre^+/−/TLR4^fl/fl), the antitumor effect of paclitaxel was attenuated. Gene expression analysis of tumor samples from patients with ovarian cancer before and after treatment with paclitaxel detected an enrichment of genes linked to the M1 macrophage activation profile (IFNγ-stimulated macrophages). These findings indicate that paclitaxel skews TAMs toward an immunocompetent profile via TLR4, which might contribute to the antitumor effect of paclitaxel and provide a rationale for new combination regimens comprising paclitaxel and immunotherapies as an anticancer treatment.</p><p><b>Significance:</b> This study provides new evidence that the antitumor effect of paclitaxel occurs in part via reactivation of the immune response against cancer, guiding tumor-associated macrophages toward the M1-like antitumor phenotype.</p><p><b>Graphical Abstract:</b> <a href="http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/20/5891/F1.large.jpg" target="_blank">http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/20/5891/F1.large.jpg</a>. <i>Cancer Res; 78(20); 5891–900. ©2018 AACR</i>.</p><p><i>See related commentary by Garassino et al., p. 5729</i></p></div>

<p>Generation of myeloid cell-specific TLR4 knockout mice</p>

<p>PCX blocks the M2 macrophage polarization induced by IL-4</p>