Few studies have assessed the use of the frontal sinus cavities for sex differentiation. In this study, a new methodology was used to assess the reliability of CBCT images of the frontal sinus cavity for determining sex based on the sexual dimorphism found in this anatomical structure. The survey sample consisted of 130 scans that were reconstructed three-dimensionally. 3D images of the cavity volume in the frontal, lateral, and basal views were exported in TIFF. The following variables were measured in a second program: area, perimeter, bounding rectangle, ellipse fit, circularity, aspect ratio, roundness, solidity, and Feret's diameter. The methodology demonstrated the existence of sexual dimorphism with an accuracy of 80.0% in the logistic regression model. The basal view had the greatest explanatory power in the final model. This methodology may be used as an alternative way of determining a reliable biological profile during the analysis of skeletal remains.
Facial reconstruction is a technique that aims to reproduce the individual facial characteristics based on interpretation of the skull, with the objective of recognition leading to identification. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the accuracy and recognition level of three-dimensional (3D) computerized forensic craniofacial reconstruction (CCFR) performed in a blind test on open-source software using computed tomography (CT) data from live subjects. Four CCFRs were produced by one of the researchers, who was provided with information concerning the age, sex, and ethnic group of each subject. The CCFRs were produced using Blender® with 3D models obtained from the CT data and templates from the MakeHuman® program. The evaluation of accuracy was carried out in CloudCompare, by geometric comparison of the CCFR to the subject 3D face model (obtained from the CT data). A recognition level was performed using the Picasa® recognition tool with a frontal standardized photography, images of the subject CT face model and the CCFR. Soft-tissue depth and nose, ears and mouth were based on published data, observing Brazilian facial parameters. The results were presented from all the points that form the CCFR model, with an average for each comparison between 63% and 74% with a distance -2.5 ≤ x ≤ 2.5 mm from the skin surface. The average distances were 1.66 to 0.33 mm and greater distances were observed around the eyes, cheeks, mental and zygomatic regions. Two of the four CCFRs were correctly matched by the Picasa® tool. Free software programs are capable of producing 3D CCFRs with plausible levels of accuracy and recognition and therefore indicate their value for use in forensic applications.
AGRADECIMENTOSNinguém realiza qualquer objetivo pessoal sem companheirismo, ajuda ou exemplo.Por isso, gostaria de agradecer:À Juliana Noguti, minha companheira durante toda essa caminhada, e sua querida família.À minha avó Conceição, meus tios e tias, todos os primos e os que já nos deixaram. Aos colegas da Associação Brasileira de Ética e Odontologia Legal (ABOL) nas gestões de 2008-2010; 2010-2012, 2012-2014. Ter a oportunidade de conviver com pessoas extraordinárias nos dá dimensão de quanto mais temos de evoluir.Aos funcionários da Biblioteca FOUSP, dos serviços de pós graduação, informática e diretoria. Aos professores dos diversos departamentos, em especial aos de Prótese e Radiologia, onde sempre encontrei amigos. Também à todos que colaboram para elevar essa faculdade ao mais alto nível nacional e internacional.À todos os amigos que fiz nessa caminhada, vocês são mais especiais do que posso colocar em palavras.Ao meu Orientador, Rodolfo F. H. Melani. Cada oportunidade, cada porta que abriu e cada vez que acreditou em mim me fez esforçar mais para ser digno dessa confiança. Cresci muito sob sua liderança.
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