Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o efeito da adubação com lodo de esgoto submetido a diferentes processos de higienização, sobre os teores de metais pesados e densidade de patógenos no solo e em grãos de milho e feijão caupi consorciados. Os tratamentos no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, corresponderam a: Solo sem adubação; Calagem e adubação química; Lodo não higienizado; Lodo higienizado com nim; Lodo higienizado com cal; Composto de lodo e ipomoea; Composto de lodo e ipomoea com fosfato; Lodo não higienizado e fosfato no solo; Lodo higienizado com nim e fosfato no solo; Lodo higienizado com cal e fosfato no solo; Composto de lodo e ipomoea e fosfato no solo. As densidades de patógenos no solo foram extremamente baixas e não diferiram entre tratamentos. As concentrações de metais pesados no solo, mesmo com uso do lodo de esgoto, não extrapolaram os limites máximos de adição anual nem os limites máximos permitidos para solos; apesar disso, as concentrações de Pb em grãos de milho, e de Pb e Cr em grãos de feijão, atingiram valores acima dos limites permitidos para produtos agrícolas, independente da adição de lodo ao solo. Em geral, não houve influência dos tipos de lodo de esgoto em relação aos teores de metais pesados, em grãos de milho e feijão.
Although alkyl carbonic acids (ACAs) and their salts are referred to as instable species in aqueous medium, we demonstrate that a monoalkyl carbonate (MAC) can in fact be easily formed from bicarbonate and an alcohol even in the presence of a high amount of water. A CE system with two capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detectors (C⁴Ds) was used to obtain different parameters about these species and their reactions. Based on the mobilities obtained for a series of alcohols ranging from 1 to 5 carbons, the coefficients of diffusion and the hydrodynamic radii were calculated. When compared with the equivalent carboxylates, MACs have radii systematically smaller. Although the precise pK(a) values of the ACAs could not be obtained, because of the fast decomposition in acid medium, it was possible, for the first time, to show that they are below 4.0. This result suggests that the acidity of an ACA is quite similar to the first hydrogen of H₂CO₃. Using a new approach to indirectly calibrate the C⁴D, the kinetic constants and the equilibrium constants of formation were also obtained. The results suggest that the increase in the chain length makes the MACs less stable and more inert.
New studies are needed to optimize the nitrogen amount that can be applied to utilize the Azospirillum brasilense benefits in maize cropping systems. In addition, information regarding the interaction between the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and how they affect the crop development and yield is also needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rates and sources of N in combination with A. brasilense, on leaf chlorophyll index (LCI), N leaf concentration, production components, and maize grain yield in the Brazilian Cerrado region. The study was performed in a Typic Rhodic Hapludox under no-tillage system. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications arranged in a 2 × 5 × 2 factorial scheme: two N sources (urea and urea with NBPT) and five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1), with and without A. brasilense inoculation. The increase in N rates significantly enhance LCI, N leaf concentration, plant height, ear diameter, mass of 100 grains, and grain yield. No significant differences were observed among the N sources. Inoculation with A. brasilense increased LCI, stem diameter, ear length, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), with a positive effect on grain yield. The increase in N rate up to 200 kg ha-1 with A. brasilense inoculation increased grain yield, independently of the N source. The application of 100 kg ha-1 of N as urea, with inoculation of A. brasilense produced the highest profit in maize production.
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