ABSTRACT:The biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) process in grasses is caused by diazotrophic bacteria, particularly Azospirillum brasilense. However, studies are lacking on BNF efficiency to define how much mineral nitrogen (N) can be applied to achieve more sustainable high yields. Furthermore, there should be an analysis of whether urea with the urease enzyme inhibitor NBPT is less harmful, benefiting BNF in grasses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of N sources and N rates associated with inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense regarding foliar diagnosis and leaf chlorophyll index (LCI), agronomic efficiency (AE), and corn grain yield in the Cerrado (Brazilian tropical savanna) region. The experiment was conducted in a no-tillage system in a Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (Oxisol). A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications in a 2 × 5 × 2 factorial arrangement as follows: two N sources -urea and Super N, urea with urease enzyme inhibitor NBPT [N -(n-butyl thiophosphoric triamide)]; five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha -1 ) applied in topdressing; and two seed inoculation treatments, one with and one without A. brasilense. N rate positively influenced the LCI and concentrations of N, S, and Mn in leaves, and may increase the concentrations of P, Cu, and Fe; however, higher N rates can reduce AE. The N sources had similar effects, and therefore urea is recommended for N fertilization. Inoculation with A. brasilense decreased leaf concentration of Fe and increased LCI, leaf concentration of P, AE, and corn grain yield; the use of this diazotrophic bacterium is therefore viable even when high rates of N are applied.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de doses e fontes de nitrogênio, sobre os componentes de produção e a produtividade de trigo irrigado (Triticum aestivum), aplicados na semeadura ou em cobertura, sob plantio direto. Foram utilizadas fontes com e sem inibidor de nitrificação (Entec), aplicadas ao sulco de semeadura ou em cobertura. O trigo foi cultivado em Selvíria, MS, em região de cerrado de baixa altitude. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 5x3x2. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de: cinco doses de N, 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1; três fontes, Entec, sulfato de amônio e ureia; e duas épocas de aplicação, na semeadura, ao lado das linhas, ou em cobertura. As fontes de N tiveram efeito semelhante sobre a altura de plantas e a produtividade de grãos do trigo irrigado. A aplicação total de N na semeadura e a aplicação tradicional, em semeadura e cobertura, são igualmente viáveis. O incremento das doses de N até a dose de 121,5 kg ha-1, em média, aumenta a produtividade de grãos, independentemente da época de aplicação e da fonte de N utilizada.

Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient responsible for the green coloration of lawns but also stimulates the growth of the aerial portion of grass, thus increasing mowing expenses. Therefore, herbicides may be used as a growth regulator. The ideal herbicide will reduce lawn height

A cultura do milho safrinha é uma importante alternativa econômica para a entressafra. Contudo, esta cultura remove grandes quantidades de nitrogênio (N) e necessita de manejo adequado da adubação nitrogenada para obtenção de elevadas produtividades. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de fontes, doses e épocas de aplicação de N nas característi-cas agronômicas e na produtividade de grãos de milho safrinha irrigado. O experimento foi realizado em Selvíria (MS), em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, irrigado por aspersão e sob plantio direto, em 2007 e 2008. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, dispostos em um esquema fatorial 5 x 3 x 2, sendo: cinco doses de N (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha -1 ), três fontes de N (sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação, sulfato de amônio e uréia) aplicadas na semeadura ou em cobertura, no estádio de seis folhas. As fontes de N proporcionaram semelhantes produtividades de grãos de milho safrinha irrigado e com efeito similar quanto às características agronômicas estudadas. A antecipação da adubação nitrogenada foi viável, assim como a tradicional aplicação de N em cobertura. O incremento das doses de N aumentou o teor de N foliar, os números de grãos por fileira e por espiga, e consequentemente, a produtividade de grãos de milho safrinha irrigado. O incremento das doses de nitrogênio aumentou a produtividade de grãos de milho safrinha cultivado após milho até a dose de 150 kg ha -1 de N, em média, independentemente da época de aplicação e da fonte de N.Palavras-chave: Zea mays, doses de nitrogênio, fontes de nitrogênio, épocas de aplicação. Nitrogen fertilization on second crop corn in no till irrigated AbstractThe second corn crop is an important economical alternative for agriculture. As this crop removes great amounts of N, it is necessary an appropriate nitrogen fertilization management for obtaining high yields. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of sources, doses and times of nitrogen application on agronomic characteristics and productivity of corn grains in an irrigated second crop. The experiment was accomplished in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, in a red dystrophic Latosol irrigated by sprinkle and conducted under no till, in 2007 and 2008. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete blocks design, with 4 repetitions, disposed in a factorial scheme 5x3x2, being: five doses of N (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha -1 ), three sources of N (ammonium sulfonitrate with nitrification inhibitor, ammonium sulfate and urea) applied at sowing or totally at sidedressing in the stage of 6 leaves. The N sources provided similar grain yield. The nitrogen application at sowing was viable, as well as the traditional application of N at sidedressing. The increment of N doses increased the leaf N content, the number of grains per line and per ear and consequently the grain yield. The N doses increased the grain yield of the second crop up to 150 kg ha -1 of N, independently of appl...

The high cost and the low efficiency of fertilizers, especially nitrogen (N), are of major concerns in agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of N fertilizers sources in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (palisade grass). The study was conducted in Cerrado of Brazil to evaluate dry-matter yield (DMY), recovery of applied N (RAN), N use efficiency (NUE), and chemical composition of palisade grass in response to sources of N (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate-nitrate, urea, urea with urease inhibitor, polymer-coated urea, and control) in seven harvests (100 kg ha-1 N were applied after each harvest). The N fertilization increased DMY and growth of palisade grass compared to control (without N fertilization). However, there was not any difference in DMY due to N sources. Application of ammonium sulfate-nitrate increased RAN. The urea, urea with urease inhibitor, and polymercoated urea improved NUE. Concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was decreased, while concentrations of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose were not affected by the fertilizers. Crude protein (CP) content was increased with N supply, but CP fractions A and B were not changed, except in the fifth period of growth. The results indicated protected fertilizers (ammonium sulfate-nitrate, urea with urease inhibitor, and polymer-coated urea) are more recommended for the cultivation of palisade grass in the Cerrado biome of Brazil.

The use of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) that can solubilize phosphorus (P) has shown potential to improve nutrient availability in grass crops such as corn (Zea mays L.) This study was developed to investigate if inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, Bacillus subtilis or Pseudomonas fluorescens associated with P 2 O 5 rates can improve phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) reflecting on greater corn development and yield. The field trial was set up in a Rhodic Hapludox under no-till system under Savannah conditions, in a completely randomized block design with four replicates. Treatments were tested in a full factorial design and included: (i) five P 2 O 5 rates (0 to 105 kg ha −1) and (ii) four PGPB seed inoculation (Control-without inoculation, A. brasilense, B. subtilis or P. fluorescens). Inoculation was found to increase grain yield by 39.5, 29.1, and 15.9% when B. subtilis was inoculated in the absence of P 2 O 5 rates and associated with 17.5 and 70 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 and by 34.7% when A. brasilense was inoculated with application of 105 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1. In addition, inoculation with B. subtilis and A. brasilense were found to increase P uptake, benefiting productive components development, leading to an improved PUE, and greater corn grain yield. The results of this study showed positive improvements in P uptake as a result of B. subtilis and A. brasilense inoculation, with an increase of 100.5 and 54.6% on PUE, respectively; while the P. fluorescens inoculation were less evident. Further research should be conducted under biotic or/and abiotic conditions such as attack of pathogens and insects, drought, salinity, water flooding, low and high temperature to better understand the role of PGPB, inoculated alone or in combination as the co-inoculated method.

-The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, associated with N rates and sources, in soil of the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna), on the grain yield of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum). The experiment was carried out under a no-tillage system in a Typic Haplustox. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replicates, in a 2x5x2 factorial arrangement: two N sources (urea and urea with NBPT urease inhibitor); five N rates applied as topdressing (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha -1 ); and with or without seed inoculation with A. brasilense. The increase in the N rates positively affected spike length, number of spikelets and of grains per spike, number of spikes per meter, N accumulation in the straw, leaf chlorophyll content, and grain yield of irrigated wheat, regardless of the use of NBPT urease inhibitor with conventional urea. Singly, inoculation with A. brasilense does not affect production components and grain yield, despite the increase in N content in wheat straw. The inoculation with A. brasilense, associated with the application of 140 kg ha -1 N, provides the highest grain yield of irrigated wheat cropped after corn in low-altitude Cerrado.

Economic analysis of grain yield of maize intercropped with forage plants of the genera Brachiaria and Panicum in no-tillage systemThe integrated crop-livestock (ILP) is an alternative recovery and renewal of degraded pastures; however, it is important to show its economic viability. The objective of this research was to analyse the yields and economic outcomes of modalities of growing corn with fodder of the genera Brachiaria and Panicum in the ILP under no-tillage. Análise econômica da produtividade de grãos de milho consorciado com forrageiras dos gêneros Brachiaria e Panicum em sistema plantio direto O sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) é uma alternativa de recuperação e renovação de pastagens degradadas, contudo, é importante mostrar sua viabilidade econômica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a produtividade de grãos e os resultados econômicos de modalidades do cultivo de milho com forrageiras dos gêneros Panicum e Brachiaria, na ILP, em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2009/2010, em Selvíria-MS, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por oito modalidades de cultivo do milho consorciado, simultaneamente e por ocasião da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura com as forrageiras Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia e cv. Mombaça. A análise dos custos operacionais foi baseada nos preços de insumos e operações e a receita bruta no preço médio de venda do milho no Estado de São Paulo. Os sistemas de cultivo não reduziram a produtividade de grãos em relação ao milho cultivado sem consórcio, e o consórcio mais recomendado é o milho cultivado com B. ruziziensis, principalmente em semeadura simultânea, pois além de ter sido um dos mais produtivos, o preço dessa semente é o mais acessível, vindo alcançar maior Índice de Lucratividade que os demais tratamentos. Em geral, os cultivos simultâneos foram os mais produtivos, vindo a apresentar maior Receita Bruta, Custo Operacional Total (devido à aplicação do herbicida Sanson), menor Lucro Operacional (com exceção do MBS) e maior Índice de Lucratividade. Palavras-chave:Zea mays L., integração lavoura-pecuária, custo operacional total, índice de lucratividade.